America was just coming out of the Great Depression as Harry Truman becomes President. The British economist John Maynard Keynes had a tremendous impact on American business practices and in particular the role of the government in the economy. According to Keynes, the Great Depression was caused by a shortage of money, causing period of massive deflation. Keynes’ idea of a cure for the Depression revolved around increased government spending and increased use of fiscal policy. An increase in government spending withoutaccompanying tax increases would increase the money supply and jumpstart the economy.
This theory of government intervention in the economy took hold during Roosevelt’s Presidency and his policies associated with the New Deal. As Truman took office, these ideas became increasing prevalent. Businesses were given market-based and tax incentives to stimulate the private sector of the economy. Companies were incentivized to promote employment within the country. Massive government deficit spending on the Military helped pull America out of the Great Depression. Much of the war effort was financed by the selling of war bonds. As many investors purchased these government bonds, it provided them a steady stream of income and reduced the risk of credit defaults. With the increased deficit spending instigated through decreased taxes, the economy quickly overcame the deflation and employment began rising. This idea of deficit spending to stimulate the economy became ingrained in American society until high inflation gripped the nation several decades later.
Education
WWII provoked a crisis in the school system. The number of soldiers going to war left a large need for service jobs. Over one hundred thousand teachers who were unsatisfied with their jobs left schools for military openings, and many schools were forced to close. Another problem in school systems during the 1940’s was segregation. School boards in the South were segregated and many cases in the 1940’s led up to the final case that invalidated segregation in 1954. Although there were certain problems with the school systems in 1940’s, the war also led to advancing the educational agenda. Progressives also tried to standardize America’s educational system.
Fashion
During the war, there was restricted access to materials necessary to fashion designers, interior designers, automobile designers, and architects. These materials included silk, metal, rubber, nylon, and wool. As a result of these changes, clothes were tighter, rooms were more functional, and buildings were more efficient and simple. The typical feminine silhouette was padded square shoulders in suits and dresses that narrowed at the waist and fell straight down to midcalf. The government had limited the amount of fabric that could be used. Instead of adding extra cloth, women began to dress up using accessories such as hats, handbags, high heels, and red lipstick.The automobile industry developed immensely, and American manufacturers dominated the post war global market. Because of the great need for military housing and for temporary accommodations for defense workers, American architects experimented with factory-made housing, which were inexpensive and efficient prefabricated units. Household goods also switched from metal to plastic or glass during this decade.
After the war, Americans had more money in their pockets, and industries began to introduce a new range of moderately priced and technologically improved products. These included cars, refrigerators, radios, televisions, washing machines, and vacuum cleaners. Fashion and design also reconverted to emphasize maternal femininity and corporate masculinity. Women’sfashions included soft curves and full skirts. Men’s fashions adopted the corporate look as well as sporty leisure wear. The end of the 1940’s introduced the age of affluence in the 1950s. As the decade came to close, far more luxurious cars, homes, and clothes wereintroduced.
Film & Theatre
In the 1940s, Hollywood was doing very well; Hollywood actually reached its peak. The films were so popular that nearly 80 million people went to the movies each week. Some of the big companies at that time were the Twentieth Century Fox and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Even though Hollywood was doing very well, the production Association also known as the PCA, kept a tight leash on what the films were about.
In 1941, Hollywood decided to support the war, but not all of the movies supported the war, it was only around 5 percent. One of the movies that were created to support the war was called,“Sergeant York”. Though films did support the war, the majority of the movies created were livelier. One of the livelier movies was Walt Disney’s animated film called, “Fantasia”.
After the war “dark cinema” became a popular style for films. Two of the “dark cinema” movies were “The Maltese Falcon” (1941) and “The Big Sleep” (1946).Broadway also became very popular, not just Hollywood. Around 11 million people attended Broadway, just in the 1943 alone.
Food & Drink
After the war, more people were working and that is why they could afford to buy better food. People started going to restaurants such as Stuckey’s and McDonald more often. McDonalds were placed were all over the country. Pizza became one of the most popular dishes in America and for the first time in the 1940s people in America ate M & M’s.
Print Culture
World War II dominated most of the print media until the return or the troops in 1946. The 1940’s was the golden age of the comic book. Popular comic books included the Green Lantern, Captain America, and the Archie characters. The 1940’s was also the first decade where young readers could find many magazines and comic books targeted specifically for them. Highlights was begun for young education reading entertainment while Seventeen magazine gave advice on teenage life to young women. There was also an increase in paperback books for adults, and as a result pulp books sharply declined.
Sports & Games
Throught the 1940's the majority of sports were greatly diminished due to the war.The majority of men were drafted into the war except for those who have extremities such as their height and were not allowed to join due to the fact that they might be weakness'. However with the decrease in the amount of men participating in sportsmore woman started to get involved with sports such as golf and tennis.They even created an All-American Girls Baseball League. In addition to baseball,bowling also became more popular. It was started to be aired on to TV more often and started to get more air time.
Forbasketball, the sport was not affected as much as some of the other sports due to the fact that most people were unable to join because of their height. Many of the players at that time were over 6 feet tall. Thus basketball became a major sport compared tobefore.
However baseball still remained one of the most known sports throughout all of America. During the 1940's. The first National League play off in all of history due to the tie between Saint Louis Cardinals and Brooklyn Dodger.These two teams had been so great that they had created an exlusive two team monopoly. The baseball world was starting to change. Nineteen games into the 1941 season, Detroit slugger Hank Greenberg was drafted into the army, symbolizing the changes ahead for baseball from the veteran age into the new age. This new age entitled, the first black player in the national baseball league. Jackie Robinson started playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947.Despite the fact that many black men were the kings of the ring in boxing, this was a huge deal.
Music at this time was becoming a major influence on the public at the time and was starting to revolutionize the world. One of the top music types at that time was Bluegrass music. Developed in the 1940s, bluegrass was an acoustic musical style of music based off of country music. The music usually entailed instruments such as the banjo, mandolin, guitar, double bass, fiddle, and harmony singing. Created by Bill Monroe, it was a big hit for about 10 years, but fell after the arrival of rock and roll. Bluegrass became a commercial form of music and became known for its vocal harmonies.
Also throughout this time period, the rise of LP was created. In comparison to the old 78-rpm record which could only hold a few minutes worth of music on each side, heavy, and easily broken, the LP conquered many of these problems. Developed in 1948 by Peter Goldmark, he lowered the speed of the recording to 331⁄3 revolutions per minute.
Second, he squeezed more and smaller grooves onto each side of the record so that more sound could fit on each side of the disc. Those grooves would reach almost one half mile if stretched out in a straight line. In addition, he used a diamond needle for playing which improved the sound dramatically. It was loved by many, but especially classical music lovers dude to the fact that they could listen to long pieces of music without any interruptions. However the main type of music from back in the 40s that still exists today is R&B.
R&B meaning rhythm and blues, is a fusion of the elements of jazz and blues. Based around vocals, piano, saxophone, bass, and drums, is usually hip and danceable. Also, often funny, it usually represented the needs of African American Americans in urban centers. R&B evolved and mixed with white country music to later form Rock and Roll. Rock and roll was a hybrid style that appealed to white teenagers as well as many African American teenagers.
"The Way We Lived"
In the 1940’s 40 percent of the American families lived in poverty. There were restrictions on items that were needed for the war, like food and clothes. Since there was a shortage of food, people began to grow their own vegetables in the “victory” garden.Because of the great depression people began to delay their marriage plans. But before the soldiers went to fight in the war, the soldiers and their fiancés rushed to get married.After the war, couple began moving to the suburbs and creating their families. They had lots and lots of babies, which began the baby boom. People also began finding jobs, which allowed them to buy more things. They were also able to vacation more frequently to places like Vegas.After World War II, the world was divided into two parts, democratic and communist and the Cold War began. American go scared and began building ceramic bomb shelters. In addition the FBI was praised because the people believed that they would keep them safe from communists.
Government & Politics
During the 1946 elections, several factors resulted in Republican control of both the House and the Senate for the first time since 1928. There was much public irritation with the Democrats' handling of reconversion to a peacetime economy and Truman’s lifting of wartime price controls angered liberals, labor, and consumers, followed by increasing tensions with the Soviet Union. Truman was often unfavorably compared to the popular Roosevelt. His economic policies aimed towards controlling inflation after the economy recovered angered many consumers. In order to prevent an inflationary spiral, he attempted to keep labor’s wage demands in check.
During this time period, there was a resurfacing of The Red Scare that gripped the nation in the early 1920s. Sentiment towards Communism becomes increasing negative and many people accused of Communism are deported to Russia.
Law & Justice
With the prosperity of the 1940’s also came was conflict with other parts of the world. FDR’s efforts to fight the Great Depression had led to changes in the ways of society and the government. A dictatorial view from Roosevelt toward to the courts view things the way he should caused problems between his administration and the Supreme Court. With WWII the U.S had many events with its national security. In one case a U.S Army general told government officials that Japanese citizens on the West Coast could be a potential threat to the country’s security misleading the officials. Japanese Americans were suddenly packed and forced into internment camps. Over 110,000 people were forcibly removed from their homes and lives. However the war was able to illuminate a brighter side of the U.S in some cases. In one combat unit it was comprised of some of the displaced Japanese Americans and the unit would become one of the most praised regiments in U.S history. Even with the national scare of the Japanese Americans, many Americans still spoke out against the injustice that the Japanese had faced and how their constitutional rights had been taken away. While the war continued, crime continued on the rise too. The media was able to grab the public’s interest by highlighting more spectacular crimes through newspapers and the radio.
Religion
With many years of decline with the Depression, American churches rose again following World War II. New church memberships rose, and thousands of new congregations were formed. Only 43 percent of the had gone to church before the war; Postwar, the percentage rose above 55 percent, a percent that would later rise to 69 percent in the 1950's. There were three main faiths represented in the United States. Protestantism, Catholicism and Judaism.With 250 denominations, Protestantism was the largest faith in the US. The three faiths went the reconstruction through the 1930’s and 40’s emerging with new intellectual views of modern society. The return of the church was mainly due to the war with many Americans turning back to religion.
Catholicism and Judaism were present mainly in urban area. Protestantism was almost theofficial faith of the rural America.Before World War II these two groups were typically together in cities, but during the war Protestants began to move into urban centers to work. American religious leaders labored with the war. About eight thousand clergymen enrolled in the ranks of the service. Churches provided Bibles to the troops. During the war the church provided relief to war families. American religions took a turn towards liberalism in the 1940s. Theology and religious practices changed with new views of all religions.
Unable to attend University due to financial tribulations
Did not have a college degree even upon entering office
Friends:
Clark Clifford (U.S. senator)
Monrad Wallgren (Governor of Washington State)
Truman playing poker in the White House (below)
Sports:
Swimming
Golfing
Horse-riding
During my stint as president, the domestic political, social and economic factors and challenges that had to be addressed:
Political
Truman was often negatively compared to the popular Franklin D. Roosevelt. As the war ended and Truman returned the nation back to a peace-time economy, Truman's popularity began to drop and Congress began blocking many of his proposals.
In the election of 1946, due to Truman's falling popularity, conservative Republicans took control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate. They attempted to block many reforms that Truman attempted under "The Fair Deal".
With the growing antagonistist views against Communism within the nation, there was upheaval in the public as many people were blindly accusing each other of being Communists. The government was forced to conform to the public's sentiment.
Social
Equale rights for African Americans
Truman established a civil rights committee who was supposed to examine violence against African Americans within American. They then would issue a report, which Truman hoped would shock Americans. This report was called “To Secure This Rights”.
Women's Rights
Spoke at Opening Session of the Women's Bureau Conference.
Women had started to work in other jobs that were originally only available to men
Economic
Maintaining steady economic growth and development without the advantages nor burdens of a war. Must shift from war-time economic policies to an economy that is independent and self-reliant but important in the world market.
The great economic stimulus from the national profits during the war helped the nation recover from the Great Depression, but the Administration must now be concerned about the rising risk of inflation.
As many men went off to fight in the war in the early 1940s, women took on many of the roles left behind by the men. Women ran businesses, worked at home, and took jobs at factories. As the troops come back from the war, the government must find some means with which these people can be employed.
During my stint as president, the foreign political, social and economic factors and challenges that had to be addressed:
Political
Many foreign nations had the war come to their soil and faced hardships. Seeking aid they turned to United States and me for help. No nation was able to retain neutrality.
In 1949 it was evident that both the U.S and the Soviet Union had the atomic bomb and other nations were sure to begin a nuclear program as well. The world was in chaos
Foreign nations felt that the U.S had sold out the communists in the last months of Roosevelt Administration and Americans thought that with theSoviet Unionaround the country was threatened
Social
President Truman had to deal with different social views including Nazi idealogy (anti-semitism) and anti-communism.
There was a much higher influx of immigration in the late 1940’s, especially Mexicans.
After the bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, over 90,000 residents died instantaneously. Thousands more Japaniese died from the after effects of radiation and exposure of the blast. Truman faced great criticism for his actions both domestically and world-wide.
Olympic Games from Finland are canceled due to lack of competitors due to the war.
Anti communism starts to arise
Alien registration act of 1940 encouraged immigrants to come
Germany and Japan are titled "the enemies"
Bombed Nagasaki and Hiroshima.
Economic
World War II, allying with various other countries. Increasing foreign connections
Becomes more closed off to certain countries like Japan. it bans the export of aviation fuel and lubricating oil outside the Western Hemisphere
Accepted less and less types of currency due to fear and anger toward other countries
Limited trading to countries that were part of the alliance
Looking back at my presidential career, I had to wear several "hats." Wearing these different "hats," these were my most significant achievements and failures:
Commander-in-Chief
After President FDR’s death in 1945, Harry Truman became responsible for ending World War II. As commander in chief, Truman held a strict policy of unconditional surrender and aided the Soviets in bringing the war in Europe to a decisive end. One of Truman’s major decisions was the 1947 Truman Doctrine, which claimed that America was a leader in the free world and must fight communism. Another major decision that Truman made as commander in chief was to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, focing Japan into unconditional surrender. Overall, Truman proved his merit as a capable war leader through his strict and decisive policies.
To view Truman's speech "Total Victory," clickhere.
Chief Executive
Throughout Harry Truman’s presidency, he argued with the congress to gain more power. In 1947, Truman passed The Truman Doctrine, which was aimed at protecting Greece and Turkey from communists. Later, he also initiated the establishment of the North American Treaty organization, also known as NATO. The NATO was formed to help prevent the spread of Communism. Lots of the laws that Truman passed during his presidency was to stop communism or at the most to prevent the further spreading of it.
Today, we all know the Central Intelligence Agency as CIA. Well does anyone actually know when the CIA was established? Since in the 1940s, the people were all afraid of communism Truman created the CIA to make sure that people are protected. Truman also created the National Security Council. Both of the agencies were also created to provide advice and information to the president.
Chief Diplomat
A Chief diplomat is someone who decides where representatives or ambassadors will travel to keep relations good. President Truman initiated the European Recovery Program, A program that helped European countries that had their country devastated economically and militarily. Truman in 1948 helped the people of Berlin get food with the Russian blockade in Berlin. He helped Turkey against the Soviet Union and helped the UN forces when South Korea was attacked by North Korea. He signed the Rio Treaty which gave countries defense and assistance against any nations that became aggressive. Truman created the famous Truman Doctrine which gave military and economic aid to countries that were threatened with subversion and foreign aggression. The Marshall Program is viewed as the first step towards European recovery with the U.S assistance.
Ceremonial Head of State
In an effort to connect with the American people, Truman would often drive his own car and go around without secret service protection. Truman said that he wanted to be remembered as "the people's president," and made radio addresses such as the famous 1945 one ending World War II as an attempt to comfort the average citizen. As Cermonial Head of State, President Truman also estabilshed the Medal of Freedom in 1945
Manager of the Economy
As Truman steps into office, the nation is just coming out of the Great Depression. He is met with challenges to convert the war-time economics of the country into one of a peace time economy. After the war, he worked with the Federal Reserve to try to slow down the economy in an attempt to reduce the risk of inflation. During his 1949 State of the Union address, he proposes a series of economic reforms that he called “The Fair Deal”. Two major acts passed under these reforms are “The Social Security Act” and “The Housing Act”. The Social Security Act extended the age of eligibility for Social Security to allow cover for the elderly who were not eligible for the government aid before. The Housing Act earmarked a large portion of the Federal budget to fund new building projects throughout the entire country.
Party Leader
Truman had inherited the throne of being the party leader from Roosevelt after he had passed away. Due to that fact he had various duties from his predecessor and had a very high standard to match up with. He was actually not liked by many and various people were surprised by his reelection in 1948. Some say that it was mainly due to one of his trips now called the Whistle Stop Tour, which entailed various places. He was only able to pass one of his ideas through congress in the fair deal and despite his vetoes many bills were still passed due to the overwhelming ratio in the senate. He had various bumps, but still managed to make it through his term.
National Leader
Truman had received some of the top and some of the worst approval ratings in history. As was said previously, he was not liked by many and many of his ideas were shut down rapidly. However he also had decided on making the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine in order to rebuild Europe and contain communism. In addition, he was the president to allow the use of nuclear weapons on Japan which was also a very large decision to make on his part due to the fact that it might have spurted the start of a nuclear war which might have destroyed the entire world. People said that he was not very strong and was a little more laidback compared to his predecessor which was not favored by some politicians. In addition, he had a lot of betrayl in his cabinet and he was one of the main reasons why corruption became a big problem for future presidents.
Favorite Quote About Me by a Famous Historian:
"He tried his best for the people, his people... and who can ask more from a representative of the people? "
-Matthew Algeo (From: Harry Truman's Excellent Adventure: The True Story of a Great American Roadtrip)
Harry Truman's Diary from 1947
Below is an excerpt from Harry Truman's Diary:
January 4: Spent the day working on State of the Union, Economic and Budget messages. Having a terrible time with the Economic one. The Commission have no White House experience. I've turned them over to Steelman[,] Harriman, Snyder and Schwellenbach, and I hope for the best. The awful 79th Congress put me on the spot. Now I've a job putting the 80th on the same spot to make us even.
January 5: Spent all morning with the State of the Union Message. Went to sleep at 12:15 last night or this morning reading it.Slept until 7:30-most unusual. Get up nearly every morning at 5:30 or five minutes to six. Took an "electric" shave (practically none) and then went walking at 8 A.M. with Jim Rowley[,] Chief of the White House S[ecret] S[ervice] detail and a couple of more men following. And some in a car following along behind. I'm not supposed to know about the car.Went down F St[.] and back G. Like to look in merchants['] windows. Had breakfast at 9 A.M. At 12:45 had the G. D. message in shape. Read & reread. Spent the afternoon in study on the same message and the Economic one too.
Positive Political Cartoon
This picture depicts Truman in the Oval Office with all the problems of the world staring back at him.
Negative Political Cartoon
This cartoon presents an apprehensive President Harry Truman in swimming trunks at the beach about to dive into an ocean full of sharks labeled "Budget," "Cold War," "Defense," and "Economics."
MYP Unit Question: How can the contributions of one person affect the direction of an entire nation?
Guiding Question: How did Culture and the Role of the President Shape Post-WWII America?
The end of the Second Great War marked an astounding recovery from the Great Depression in the United States. However, the country was still shaken by political, social, and economic problems. With the death of the popular President Franklin D. Roosevelt, American morale was effectively stunned. Harry S. Truman succeeded the presidency and used his powers to effectively combat these issues. By acting as the nation’s Commander-in-Chief, Chief Executive, Chief Diplomat, and Manager of the Economy, Truman was able to bring the United States back into prosperity in the late 1940s.
In April of 1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman was left with the burden of ending War World II. As Commander-in-Chief, Truman was obligated to end the war and make peace quickly and effectively without severe casualties. A paramount decision made by Truman to end the war was the choice to use the Atomic Bomb developed in the Manhattan Project during Roosevelt's administration. Arguably, the dropping of the two bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki saved thousands of American lives that may have been lost through a direct invasion of the Japanese island. As the Second World War came to a close with the unconditional surrender of Japan and the axis powers, Truman received praise as being the President to effectively end the war. His decisions made as Commander-in-Chief gave the American troops morale and efficiently brought an end to WWII.
With the lack of prosperity in the 1930’s and the war in the 1940’s President Truman had a tough job to take on after FDR’s death. He signed the Rio Treaty which gave countries defense and assistance against any nations that became aggressive. Truman created the famous Truman Doctrine which gave military and economic aid to countries that were threatened with subversion and foreign aggression. The Yalta and Potsdam conference brought peace and the end of World War II. However President Roosevelt had made many promises to the Soviet Union and when he died President Truman unaware of these promises essentially broke them and sold out the communists causing tension with the U.S.S.R. Being the chief diplomat, Truman later sent representatives to the Soviet Union.
Throughout his Presidency, Truman had to stand up to the Soviets in order to stop the spread of communism. In order to appease the fears of the American People, he also made the momentous decision to create the FBI and CIA. Truman's strict policies shaped America's anti-communist attitude in the late 1940s. During his term, Truman also integrated the armed forces creating a far more equal America. As chief executive, Truman passed laws and created the FBI and the CIA to make sure that the people of the United States feel safe and protected from communism after World War II. Truman also tried to stop the spread of communism around the world by passing Truman's Doctrine, which protected Greece and Turkey from communism. Most of the laws that Truman passed during his presidency was in reaction to the way people behaved. If most of the people didn't start building bomb shelters, maybe there wouldn't be an FBI today.
In the mid-1940s, theUnited Statesis beginningto recover from the Great Depression as Truman takes office. Despite this, the nation continued to face monumental economic challenges as World War II ended. As the nation came out of the Great Depression and the war came to a close, several major problems arose, including a rising risk of future inflation and a lack of jobs for troops coming home from the war. In order to fight future inflation, Truman began the shift from war-time economic policies that centered on deficit government military spending and subsidization to more contractionary fiscal policy that attempted to slow the economy down. When theUnited Statesjoined WWII, many men left the country, leaving women to take on many of the roles left behind. However, when these men came back, they were left without jobs. In order to combat this, Truman used market based incentives to continue to promote industrial growth, allowing these men to resume their jobs in factories. Although many of Truman’s contractionary fiscal policies and his efforts to slow down the economy drew much criticism, he arguably helped theUnited Statesavoid a period of massive inflation.
Truman was a president who not only raised the nation's moral in a time of war and hardship, but also greatly strengthened the country in terms of security and foreign relations, strengthening the connections with foreign countries yet keeping a firm control in order to prevent Communism from seeping into American culture. He played a large role in developing the country economically, socially, and politically. Truman was a president who served the peoples' interests and brought on a new era of success and prosperity.
Works Cited
"1940s: Fashion." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-CenturyAmerica. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 3: 1940s-1950s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002.
"1940s: Film and Theater." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-CenturyAmerica. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 3: 1940s-1950s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002.
"1940s: Food and Drink." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-CenturyAmerica. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 3: 1940s-1950s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002.
"1940s: Music." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-CenturyAmerica. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 3: 1940s-1950s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002.
"1940s: Print Culture." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-CenturyAmerica. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 3: 1940s-1950s.Detroit: U*X*L, 2002.
"1940s: Religion." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-CenturyAmerica. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 3: 1940s-1950s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002.
"1940s: Sports and Games." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-CenturyAmerica. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 3: 1940s-1950s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002.
"1940s: The Way We Lived." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-CenturyAmerica. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 3: 1940s-1950s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002.
"The 1940s: World Events: Selected Occurrences Outside theUnited States." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins.
Comments (1)
Masha said
at 5:08 pm on Jun 15, 2009
Preeta read the last paragraph that I wrote for the guiding question
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