MYPUnit Question: How can the contributions of one person affect the direction of an entire nation?
Guiding Question: How did Culture and the Role of the President Shape Post-WWII America?
The 1950s
Featuring President Dwight Eisenhower
By:
Nandhinee Akkaraju
Jamie Burkewitz-Fleming
Nora Jabor
Florian Martin
Nilam Trivedi
Key Events of the 1950s
1950: (September 19) African American student Heman Marion Sweatt successfully registers at the University of Texas law school, where he had been denied admission four years earlier because of his race.
1951: (March 2) The National Basketball Association holds its first All-Star Game.
1952: McDonald's Golden Arch is designed.
1953: Playboy becomes the first mass-market men's magazine and rockets to popularity
1953: The first heart-lung machine, which takes over the functions of these vital organs, is used during an operation.
1954: (March) The world's largest shopping center, featuring one hundred stores, opens in Detroit, Michigan.
1955: (January 19) President Eisenhower holds the first televised presidential news conference.
1956: (June 29) Charles Dumas becomes the first person to high-jump more than seven feet.
1957: A one-minute blood test for the sexually transmitted disease syphilis is introduced.
1957: (August 29) Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which penalizes voting rights violations.
1958: The first U.S. artificial satellite orbits Earth.
1959: (August 21) Hawaii becomes America's fiftieth state.
American Culture During the 1950s
Business and the Economy
During the 1950s, the economy in the United States was the strongest of the world. In just 1950 alone, the gross national product of the U.S. rose by $184 million when compared to1940. Exports from America received a large amount of value from all over the world. In fact, exports from the U.S. were considered so credible and valuable that other countries wanted almost anything that American workers produced. This confidence level was not only present in the American economy, but also in the businessmen of the U.S. The Government ruled along with businesses by getting involved with business affairs in the U.S. and imposing higher taxes, which ultimately led to inflation.
The reduced federal income tax rates also helped the U.S. prosper in the business world. The U.S. was brought out of its recession on January 1, 1954. In July of 1955, the minimum wage of American workers was brought up to $1 an hour. All throughout the decade of the 1950s, the economy took a huge rise and helped both companies and single Americans in prospering. Consumer credit rose, as well as steel production, the tobacco industry, and federal spending.
Education
The education in the 1950s was not at its best because of other events taking place in the nation at the time. As student enrollment in schools increased drastically over the decade, teacher and school shortages began taking place all over the nation. The Office of Education offered funding and teachers were hired to meet the demand placed by students. Even with the hiring of new teachers, the number of students in schools could not be adequately provided because of their drastic number. School boards called for increased funding so that the demand of teachers could be met. However, this funding caused many controversies. For instance, there were restrictions on where and to whom funding could be provided. This made the job of school boards even harder than it initially was.
The launching of the Sputnik also made a large impact on the curriculum that was taught in schools. Before the Sputnik was launched, education in the U.S. was thought to be easy and comforting. In contrast, after the Sputnik was launched, rigorous science courses were instilled into the curriculum in order to advance the level of education that students were receiving.
Music
Music during the 1950s era widely varied. Through the era, musicians such as “The King of Rock”, Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, George Jones, and many more, performed. Similar to fashion, music of the 1950s was mainly created due to rebellion. A main theme, Rock n’ Roll was viewed as a main cause of rebellion of the youth in America at that time. Music during this era was one of the first steps to getting out of segregation. Music during this era included, jazz, classical, rock n’ roll, as well as rising popularity of hillbilly.
Fashion
Fashion in the 1950s was an area which opened the doors to many designers and brands. During the 1950s, women’s fashions changed dramatically, but still was conservative compared to that of today’s. Women’s fashions were highlyfeminine. For example, dresses were worn to emphasize the curves of a female body as well as being close-fitting, pleasing, extravagant, yet plain and simple looking. Men’s fashions, changed as well. The popular style was rock n’ roll was copied by many. Elvis Presley's blue suede shoes, black leather jackets, doubled-high collars, side-burns, and long, greased hair were the main styles. Also, jeans became fashionable; they were known as teenage rebellion clothes. Fashions of designers such as Dior and Lacoste were a big hit; also, brands that became popular were IZOD, and Miss Clairol. Simple styles that were popular during this era were poodle skirts for girls, and white t-shirts and jeans for boys.
Film & Theatre
The film and theater industry flourished in the 1950s. Famous faces such as Elvis, Lucille Ball, and Marilyn Monroe made their mark on the world.“The Day the Earth Stood Still” debuted in September 1951, while the United States and the Soviet Union were in a “nuclear arms race.” This movie illustrated a great plot line and message for a science fiction movie. The actor who portrayed the “American youth”, James Dean, was an American cultural icon especially after his death. “He was cast as a brooding, vulnerable adolescent whose presence was unsettling during what otherwise was an era of prosperity and conformity (acting in agreement with established social views) after World War II (1939–45).”
>Godzilla made his appearance in 1954. The Japanese film of a huge “atomic lizard” who wrecks havoc on Tokyo city was released as a dubbed version in the United states. “Godzilla symbolized the fears the Japanese had about nuclear war during World War II.”
>Norma Jeane Mortenson, more known as Marilyn Monroe instantly became a Hollywood star, immediately rising to the A-list. Her unique style of acting transferred into a fad, where everyone tries to adopt it.
>The Academy Award winning Drama starring Marlon Brando, “On the Waterfront” portrayed blacklisting as a theme mainly happening in Hollywood. Where politics was used as a personal tool.
Food & Drink
In 1950, the fast food chain revolutionized the restaurant industry and changed farming and food businesses.The first McDonald's restaurant was actually a barbecue joint that opened in 1940 by brothers Dick and Maurice McDonald along in San Bernardino, California.
They also streamlined their menu to hamburgers, milkshakes and French fries. The burgers sold for 15-cents, about half of what a burger cost at regular diners of the time. With success, the brothers franchised their enterprise and had eight restaurants open by the early 50s.
By 1958, the company sold its 100 millionth hamburger.It can be seen that McDonalds had one of the greatest influences on the food businesses, and other fast food chains have affected farmers wherever new restaurants opened too.
Almost twenty years had passed since the repeal of Prohibition, and the opinions of Americans toward the consumption of alcohol had mellowed. In addition, millions of people served in the armed forces during World War II, exposing them to cultures with more permissive attitudes about drinking. Aat home, virtually everyone consumed soft drinks, and an overwhelming majority also drank coffee or tea. By mid-decade, almost two-thirds of the adult population would accept a drink containing alcohol, with more men than women condoning alcoholic beverages. Relentless advertising and promotion drinkingfurther softened resistance to the use of alcohol.
Print Culture
Postwar changes significantly had its toll on the magazines and newspapers of the time. As advertising revenues and circulation increased, production and distribution costs increased as well. In 1948, magazine net profits were 8.3 percent, but by 1954, it slumped to a merger 2.8 percent. Many popular magazines, such as Collier’s Woman’s HomeCompanion, the American, and Town Journal went bankrupted, but on the other hand, Life, Time, and Sports Illustrated made there first depute during this decade.
Although newspapers were a main source of local, national, and international news, they still were affected by the rapidly increasing expenses of wages, newsprint prices, and costs of investing in new technology. Revenues could not keep up, and closers and mergers became more frequent. By 1954, almost all communities that had daily newspapers were supplied by newspapers owned by one company.
This was the first ever Peanuts comic strip (originally called Li'l folks) which debuted on October 2, 1950
Sports & Games
The most popular sport was baseball but Americans also participated in other sports, because it was very important for them to be active. However, not all people could attend every game. One of the solutions for that was television, because the games were made available to view byalmost everyone.
But there were also problems During the economic boom of the 1950s, few citizens were interested in hearing that professional athletes might be underpaid. Most major-league athletes earned between four and six times the average earnings of the general population, but minor-league athletes were barely making a minimum wage. In 1950 professional basketball was in crisis, the National Basketball League and Basketball Association of American had folded and a new seventeen-team league NBA was formed. The next year the NBA started with eleven teams but ended with ten when Washington disbanded in mid season.
Baseball players celebrate after a win
In 1958 the LEGO company introduced the modern version of the LEGO bricks, now there are over 102,981,500 different ways of combining only the bricks of the same color
"They Way We Lived"
The lifestyle during the 1950s changed constantly. Real estate and having a big home was a tremendous trend. The average single family home was estimated to be about $10,050 and about $2,840 more for a two bedroom home in a popular city in New York. Long Island communities in New York began building suburbs with rules and regulations. An example of this is Hicksville; “The community’s rules require homeowners to cut their lawns at least once a week and assign a specific day for doing the laundry” (Important Events). The suburbs often lacked a sense of culture and was “homogenized” where the houses looked the same and the people shared about the same economic status. Also during the 1950s almost every family owned at least one automobile, making the car industry popular. Many more people started to smoke cigarettes during this era. Even after the 1920s where health concerns of smoking rose, cigarette companies worked harder and advertised them in any way possible including Hollywood. One of the most famous cigarette companies was Chesterfield’s Cigarettes. Chesterfield used advertising tactics such as “nose, throat and accessory organs not adversely affected by smokingChesterfields" (Chesterfield’s Cigarettes Advertising). By spreading false information and using respected and admired people such as Ronald Reagan Chesterfield’s Cigarettes sold quickly. The 1950s was a time where women were working either to make more money to go shopping or to secure the family’s financial status. Although women wanted to work, there were not many places that hired women especially law firms. Sandra O’Connor graduated in the top ten percent of her class at Stanford Law and faced unemployment due to the law firms that would not hire her because she is a woman.
The American teenager of the 1950s grew up fearing many things especially after the Red Scare. The teens of this era were subjected to “loyalty oaths, blacklists, and witch hunts”. Although fear floated around, many teenagers were not completely worried and developed new slang as every generation has and continues to do. Consumerism in the teenage generation of the 1950s grew, especially with the rise of music many teenagers purchased vinyl records to listen on jukeboxes, as well as the clothing industry. The most well known clothing fad of this era was the leather jackets, and the famous poodle skirts. Drive-in movies were a definite hang out for teenagers on the weekends as pictured in the movies.
This video illustrates the typical lifestyle during the 1950s
Family Life
Government & Politics
The government and politics after World War II changed, making government planning and ideas similar from the 1950s onwards. President Dwight D. Eisenhower was “the decade's dominant political presence was a paternal figure.” Eisenhower ran as a presidential candidate as a Republican in the election of 1952. As an “international hero who organized the allied victory over the Nazis”, Eisenhower was given confidence inhimself, as well as confidence in the American people for his ability to lead. Although the Americans chose to elect Eisenhower as president, the 1950s was an era of constant fear. The people feared America’s way of life was being threatened by Communism. The Soviet Union had been fueling this fear, as soon as World War II ended communist political parties were everywhere for example China fell into communist power in 1949 and soon after Korea started having international issues with the United Nations which lead to sending over troops from the United States; soon after the Korean War broke out with the United States and the Soviet Union fighting for Korea [politically].
With Communist influence McCarthyism came to a rise. Senator Joseph McCarthy tried swaying the American people into voting for him and this “new” political platform. He tried using “a women's Republican club meeting in Wheeling, West Virginia, to make public the stunning claim that 205 Communist-party members worked in the State Department.” After the alleged antics and problems McCarthyism was causing two presidents [Eisenhower and Truman] to put this bully of a senator to rest. The 1950s was where making a strong political image became crucial. More and more homes purchased television sets which allowed politicians to become creative using art and media to spread their views.
Law & Justice
Crime was on the minds of many during the 1950s. It was portrayed through the media in various ways. For example, it was illustrated on the television show The Untouchables, which told stories on the fights between the government and American gangsters. Also, Americans daily read in newspapers about crimes witnessed on the streets. From the years 1940 to 1960, crime grew by a large 128 percent! During the 1950s, due to very strict rules by law enforcement, many crimes that would have gone unreported were reported. Americans that followed the law, looked up to policemen, the courts, and prisons to protect them from gangsters, and maintain order. Mobsters were portrayed to Americans in books, newspapers, films, and television. The public was greatly fascinated by the concept of gangsters, and this helped the media create a lot of money, because they created popular television shows, books, etc.
Religion
Following World War II, religion grew to its all time high and continued through the 1950s. Many optimists felt as though religion would influence the American culture as those of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. This was the decade when divided, prominent churches merged (like the merging of the Evangelical Lutheran Church and the United Evangelical Lutheran Church, which turned into one church, the American Lutheran Church), when “ under God” was added to the American Pledge of Allegiance, and the national motto became “In God we trust.” The influence of religion was also reflected through the general culture with productions of movies and books that had an emphasis on spiritual themes.
One of the most noteworthy aspects of this religious rise is the development of a pluralistic point of view and the fall of the old Protestant’s dominance of the American culture. Judeo-Christian started to replace Christian America, and Americans started freely calling themselves Protestant, Catholic, or Jewish. The Catholic Church was now an accepted part of the American institution. It seemed as though a religious identity was needed for national identification. However, the bombing of Jewish synagogues in Florida, and other bouts of hatred confirmed that religious quarrels still continued to up rise.
1922-24, member of American Battle Monuments Commission
1927-29, assistant executive to assistant secretary of war
Chief of staff of U.S. Third Army, 1941
University President
Interests/Hobbies:
Golf
Swimming
Fishing
Painting
Playing bridge
Watching western films
Civil War literature
Education:
West Point Military Academy, graduate, 1915
Army War College and Army Industrial College
Command and General Staff College, graduate, 1926
Friends:
Richard Nixon
Gee Gerow
Swede Hazelett
Sports:
Golf
Swimming
Baseball
During my stint as president, the political, social and economic factors and challenges that I had to deal with (at home) included:
Political
The 1950's was the era of Communism. After World War II the Soviet Union had pressed many countries to turn into this political party. The Americans during this time were afraid of communism. Dealing with communism became one of the most important aspects of President Eisenhower’s career, World War two went on as he was president and the Commander and Chief of the Second World War.
Although the desegregation of schools between black and white Americans began in the late 1940's, schools actually began banning segregation around 1954. Congress had much to do with this ruling because of previous court cases, the discrimination between these two races was present no matter what the laws stated.
Many wars were intact during the 1950's. World War II was going on in Europe. President Eisenhower was in charge of foreign allies between the United States and Europse. A couple of these countries include Great Britian and France.
Social
President Eisenhower faced the issue of dealing with the large “baby boom”. In just the decade of the 50s, the population increased by 28 million Americans. Because of this sudden and drastic boom, schools struggled with providing sufficient materials and resources for students. However, education was still viewed as an important aspect in the lives of growing children.
Because it was an important part of American life, the highway system in America was an important aspect of travel all over the nation. However, the roads in the 50s often had steep ridges, sharp curves, and unsafe conditions. President Eisenhower wanted to invest money in improving the national highways, but he faced the problems of cost, placement of the roads, and permission of state and federal authorities. He eventually did overcome these issues and built a 43,000 mile long interstate that improved the safety and efficiency of the roads in the nation.
A social fad that President Eisenhower had to overcome was the safety of the people of his nation. In the 1950s, dieting became a popular and often exercised habit among Americans, especially women. During this decade, women were persuaded to stop working and start focusing more on their bodies and looks. Drugs also became a part of this scene, as they were expected to help with the rapid loss of weight. Rather, they brought up issues such as depression, paranoia, and nervousness. President Eisenhower was faced with the issue of the image of his nation, as well as things he could possibly do to make America a healthier and safer country.
Economic
Dealing with inflation due to higher credit, lower unemployment rates, and rising wages for American workers. As a result of inflation, many aspects that were vital to the American people became a challenge to keep. For example, food prices rose and many families over the nation cut down on what and how much they ate. President Eisenhower had to consider many aspects of this chain reaction, as well as future problems they could allude to.
Making air travel safer because of the large number of people flying. This included making travel safer for flyers with larger airports, making travel convenient with faster and more efficient staff, and safer regulations in planes because of the large number of passengers. Eisenhower faced the issues of how much money to invest in this industry, as well as the controversy in terms of the safety of air travel.
Keeping the railroad as a vital role in transportation. Because many people started using planes, cars, and trucks to get around, the railroad was left with no more popularity. In order to keep the railroad in society, improvements needed to be made to it. Improving tracks and the actual trains themselves required a lot of money to be invested. Eisenhower faced the challenge of how much money to give to the railroads so that the industry would remain present in America during the 1950s.
During my stint as president, the political, social and economic factors and challenges that I had to deal with (abroad) included:
Political
The death of Joseph Stalin in 1953.
Vice President Nixon attacked by anti-American demonstrators while in Latin America in 158
Rebellion in Hungrey, October 22, 156
Social
The Cold War - During this time many felt that theUSwas going to start a nuclear war against theSoviet Union. President Eisenhower spent a huge portion of his time as President competing against the Soviets to gain the upper hand in warfare technology.
The “Race to Space.” - Along with the competition with theSoviet Unionin gainingWarfare technology, they also competed in space exploration.
The Eisenhower Doctrine – Eisenhower announced that theUSwould use military power in order to protect theMiddle East’s independence and territorial integrity against the Soviet. (It was basically described as a tool to contain “Soviet expansionism”) He later changes its policies as a way of keeping theUSinfluence in theMiddle East
Economic
Keeping the “Big Three” auto industries (GM, Ford, Chrysler) as the dominant automotive companies all over the world. To do this, new brands, accessories, and appealing features had to be instilled in cars. Other nations would not buy American cars unless they were more appealing than those of other countries.
Maintaining a strong army, navy, and air force on an international basis so that the nation would be safe in different areas around the world. President Eisenhower faced the challenge of keeping track of the American troops in other areas, as well as their progress and possible problems.
Lowering prices on goods being exported out of the U.S. such as coffee and oil due to conflicts with the Korean War. The U.S. could not afford to devote a large sum of money to things that were not as important. Keeping a steady price that would interest other nations into buying American goods was a conflict that Eisenhower dealt with.
Eisenhower's inspirational letter to the American troops focusing on defeating other international "enemies"
Looking back at my presidential career, I had to wear several "hats." Wearing these different "hats," these were my most significant achievements and failures:
Commander-in-Chief
President Dwight D. Eisenhower, used his power as the President of the United States to end the Korean war. He was generally an advocate for not having wars, and tried to steer clear of war as much as possible. Eisenhower also, stopped the Cold War from using nuclear weapons and he also avoided a war with Vietnam. President Eisenhower lead the country in the right direction.
Chief Executive
As chief executive President Dwight D. Eisenhower was in charge of the “joint military operations of theUnited States,Britain, andFrancein their fight against Nazi Germany” during world war two because he had an extraordinary military back round. This job involves a lot of effort, satisfying the needs of the foreign countries, domestic politicians, and the other military leaders of the foreign countries. According to Hoopes, President Eisenhower; "had a natural gift, unequalled by any of his contemporaries, for diplomatic persuasion."
Chief Diplomat
President Eisenhower kept peace by ending the Korean War, and also by making the Cold War safer by refraining from using nuclear weapons. He also reached a quick settlement with the Chinese.
Ceremonial Head of State
The responsibilities this role has are very crucial, for they connect the President to the Americans. President Eisenhower did a fantastic job in this role, as he was able to easily connect to the public. Many Americans respected him. From opening 10 Coca-Cola (a symbol of the American culture) plants in Africa to help support American soldiers, to attending the dedication of a 1.25 Muslin mosque In Washington D.C., he was an American idol in the eyes of everyone.
Manager of the Economy
A President is expected to play the role of ‘Manager of the Economy’ by keeping a country thriving, resolving strikes, keeping unemployment rates low, and keeping the economic market prosperous. President Dwight Eisenhower fulfilled these roles very well, and his accomplishments are widely recognized. President Eisenhower kept a close eye on the economy of the U.S. and participated in it on a frequent basis. The Government was a major customer in the goods and services of the U.S. economy. Eisenhower worked to instill a balanced budget into the United States by continuing many of the New Deal programs. In addition, Eisenhower emphasized the importance of world peace, and wanted to keep a clean slate with all countries. Safety of the country was a huge part of his mission. Eisenhower fulfilled this goal by keeping strong military forces all over the world. Near the end of the decade, a steelworkers-union went into strike. Exercising his role in the economy, Eisenhower called in troops to run the nation’s mills. In general, President Dwight Eisenhower wore the hat of ‘Manager of the Economy’ extremely well and his efforts certainly made an effect on the nation during the 1950s.
Party Leader
Dwight D. Eisenhower was suggested as a candiate by the republican and democrats, because of his simple but effective slogan "I Like Ike", and because of his conservative views on the the Truman administration.
National Leader
During his precidency, Eisenhower continued the New Deal programs, especially the Social Security ideas that had been previously implemented. In addition, he supported the Supreme Court decision in which segregated school were seen as unconstitutional.
Favorite Quote About Me by a Famous Historian:
"You have made history, great history for the good of mankind..." -- George C. Marshall
Quotes by Me:
"Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed."
"The spirit of man is more important than mere physical strength, and the spiritual fiber of a nation than its wealth."
"The United States strongly seeks a lasting agreement for the discontinuance of nuclear weapons tests. We believe that this would be an important step toward reduction of international tensions and would open the way to further agreement on substantial measures of disarmament."
"What counts is not necessarily the size of the dog in the fight – it’s the size of the fight in the dog."
Positive Political Cartoon
This is a political cartoon about how Eisenhower created safer roads.
Negative Political Cartoon
This is a negative cartoon depicting how Eisenhower focused on irrelevant aspects and ignored solving the true problems of the time, such as civil rights, budge, immigration, foreign aid, aid for education, and trade.
The Final Guiding Question Response
The 1950s influenced Americans culturally, as well as socially. The role of a President changed because many Americans, were becoming more trustworthy with the government. President Eisenhower was a strong leader that gained the trust and respect of his countrymen and women. Fashion, music, media, law and justice are all just little things that influenced the culture of America. Fashion and music were intertwined, because of the change in fashion and music, America's youth became more rebellious, with music of Elvis, and fashions that illustrated women's curves. Mobsters took over the media because of the people's fascination. Movies and television, portrayed crime, and rebellion. Socially and politically, America took a big step that created a domino effect.
The evolution of business, economy, and education during the 1950s illustrates that change through time defined President Dwight Eisenhower. During this time, the economy was on a turn for the better. America was thought to be the strongest and most powerful nation in the world at this time. President Eisenhower did not play an evident role in this change. The reason that the economy prospered was because of the conditions of the U.S. Countries wanted to buy from the U.S. because of the popular products offered. Eisenhower did not bring any particularly new ideas to the country. Rather, he continued ideas started by previous Presidents, such as the New Deal. Taxes increased because of inflation, which increased because of growing business. In reality, the strong economy of the U.S. resulted because of a domino effect in the nation. Similarly, improvements in the educational system in the U.S. were made in the 1950s because of changes occurring in the world; not because of what President Eisenhower wanted. For instance, harder courses were requested because of the launching of the Sputnik by the Soviet Union, the U.S.’s “enemy” at the time. As can be seen by change and prospering in the business, economy, and education world of the U.S. during the 1950s, the decade defined the President to be successful.
As America proceeds as a great nation, many factors contribute to the foundation of the pride of this country. As a young nation, that shocked the most powerful countries in the world, only being a few hundred years old, America was climbing up the “world power” ladder. During the 1950s President Dwight David Eisenhower proceeded to run the United States smoothly, no matter the political crisis that hit. One of the most remembered panics after World War II was the fear of communism that spread through out the United States. Americans everywhere had an understanding of what World War I and World War II was about, and how powerful nations such as the Soviet Union were trying to shift the “democracy” type government into a communist party. By definition communism means “a system of social organization in which all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party,” a government that controlled everything economic and social installed fear in the eyes of Americans. President Eisenhower directed the United States well during these times, and pushed the belief that communism was no threat to the United States in order to keep the country at peace. The wars [not only the World Wars but also the Korean War] helped shape America’s government. Technology such as televisions and radios politics became commercialized, with more ads and art used in campaigning. The 1950s was a decade of change, a culture who grew up learning about wars, inheriting paranoia and fear, and a president who was well liked by the people.
In conclusion, through business, economic, education, politics, and social culture President Dwight David Eisenhower became the symbol of the American ways. The decade defined Eisenhower. From the this young nation’s sheer pride that came from winning World War I and II, to the social boom that shook the states the US seemed to be prosperous. America had its eyes glossed over with red, white, and blue. Even with the fear that came with the Cold War and the Korean War, Eisenhower had the triumph of the Word Wars to back up his reassurance that communism was not a threat. Eisenhower was a man that took advantage of thetimes and continued to run it smoothly. He was supported by the people (for during this decade Americans had complete trust in their leaders). With the help of new technology commercializing politics, he became a man thatAmerica looked up to; a man that representedAmerica for its time.
Page Views
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