The 1960s

Lyndon B. Johnson

By: Raven Aspen, John Downey, Greg Gutkin, Yimin Lu, Salma Siddiqui

MYP Unit Question: How can the contributions of one person affect the direction of an entire nation? 

Guiding Question: How did Culture and the Role of the President Shape Post-WWII America? 

Step 1: Plan with your group and divide the work.

Step 2: Research the history of the decade.

• Key Events
• -Vietnam War
• -Assasination of JFK
• Presidents & other significant people
• -JFK(1961-1963)
• -Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)
• -Nixon(1969-1974)

 

Step 3: Determine the context for and cultural response to the historical events.  The topics are in a bullet point list.  Your research/writing should be in paragraph form.  You should also create headings.  Consider the influence on your decade on the following topics:

• Business & the Economy (Greg) 

  •      By the 1960s, America’s economy had undergone one of the largest expansions in its history.  “During the 1960s the United States experienced its longest uninterrupted period of economic expansion in history” (American Decades). The 1960s saw the overtaking of the major industries that the United States had previously been accustomed to. The automobile, chemical, and electrical industries were replaced by the fast growing aerospace, computer, and housing industries. The standard of living had risen once again for the average American family, becoming the highest in the world.

         By this time, large businesses had taken over the American market. General Motors alone had larger gross incomes than all of the farms in America at that time. Not only did these large corporations control the domestic market, but they had invested large amounts of money into the global economy. In 1965, the large American businesses had invested over 4 times the amount of money as they did in 1950. The 1960s were definitely a good time for American business and economy.

• Education (Raven)-

  The federal government became increasingly more education-oriented, and President’s Kennedy and Johnson tried to increase federal aid to education so they could create new programs. Students in the 1960’s began studying old subjects in new ways. For example, they began to emphasize diversity and the teachers tried to develop their students mind by encouraging their intellectual curiosity, instead of just them memorizing things. It was also more common for students to learn a second language. Additionally, young males were faced with the draft. In response to this, many men who were not planning to go to college went, and the military became increasingly more made up of less educated men who could not afford college.

• Fashion (Raven)-

  Fashion underwent a large transition in the 1960’s. It changed from conservatism to excess, from social conformity to individuality. Jackie Kennedy was the first fashion icon of the 1960’s. She wore tasteful but simplistic clothes. However, in 1964, a British designer Mary Quant designed the ‘mod look’ which included miniskirts, brightly colored dresses, dark eye makeup, wild blouses, stockings, and accessories. At this time a new fashion icon emerged- Twiggy. The women’s right movement also influenced fashion. As women began more independent- they showed it through clothes. Some women opted to go braless and began to wear pants as a fashion statement for the first time. Hippies wore things such as secondhand clothing, dirty T-shirts, unkempt hair, torn blue jeans, and costumes borrowed from ethnic, non-Western cultures. Men also were affected by the new freedom in fashion. Towards the end of the decade, male hippies could be seen with very long hair- sometimes worn in a ponytail. For business men, ties grew wider and colors bolder. Among young men, jeans and a T-shirt remained the most popular clothing choice. Furniture was made in bold colors, but did not have rational designs like those of the 50’s. In architecture, the modernist style was still popular and tall skyscrapers could still be seen in most urban areas of America. The craze for cars was still high as well and motor companies started to make smaller sporty cars and as well as muscle cars with added features such as a tape player.

  

 

 

Jackie Kennedy, elanimagemanagement.com/html/elan-blog/?cat=29

 

Twiggy, style.catalogs.com/fashion_bit/

 

Hippies, www.community/webshots.com

 

• Film &  Theatre (Salma)

• ·         Location shooting was more common than studio shooting

  ·         Musicals on Broadway made their way onto the big screen

  o       West Side Story

  o       Hair

  o       The Odd Couple

  o       Fiddler on the Roof

  ·         The “G”, “M”, “R”, etc. system was formed

  ·         Movies that could not be played on television were produced

  o       James Bond series

  o       Kiss Me, Stupid

  o       West Side Story

  o       Planet of the Apes

   

• Food &  Drink (John)

  • The 1960s was the turn of the century in food and many things created back then still exist today, like

    • Domino's Pizza (1960)

    • Sprite (1961)

    • Taco Bell (1962)

    • Pop-Tarts (1964)

    • Buffalo Wings

    • Ruffles

    • Lucky Charms

    • Bugles

    • Cool Whip (1965)

    • Apple Jacks

    • Spaghetti O's

    • Gatorade

    • Diet Pepsi

    • Doritos (1966)

    • 1966 Mountain Dew Commercial - This is a MUST - Hilarious
    •  

    • Red Lobster (1968)

    • Mini-Wheats (1969)

    • Pringles

    • Wendy's

    • Long John Silver's

  • Another big thing in the 60s was the family BBQ.
  • As for drinks, the most popular was called Tang- The Space Age Drink, as it was a favorite of astronauts in space.

• Print Culture (John)

  • Many new authors arrised in this era leading to many new best sellers, a few of them are:

    • Many of the novels about James Bond by Ian Fleming

    • The Outsider (1967) - S.E Hinton

    • Slaughterhouse Five (1969) - Kurt Vonnegut Jr.

    • To Kill a Mocking Bird (1960) - Harper Lee

  • Also, Dr Suess books were a huge hit in the 60s among children
  • Many Magazine companies were shut down and opened up as the age of the Television had arrived.  Some like the Saturday Evening Post were shut down and some like the Rolling Stone (1967) were opened.
  • Many new comics were created, like Spider-Man (1962).

• Sports &  Games (John)

      
  • There were many firsts in the 1960s
    • The first Super Bowl was in 1967, Packers win.
    • Richard Petty won the first two of his record seven NASCAR Championships.
    • Joe Weatherly won his only two NASCAR championships of his career and dies in an accident going for his third in a row.
    • Jack Nicklaus was the first to win two Masters in a Row.
    • The NBA only consisted of 14 teams.
    • Auto Racing had the highest payroll for athletes.
    • Sports were first televised in the 1960s.
    • The Celtics dominated the NBA in the 60s having a record in the NCAA championship of 8-1 appearing in the finals every year but '67.
    • Two Football leagues compete for the championships- the NFL and the AFL (now the NFC and AFC).
    • Muhammed Ali is stripped of all of his boxing titles in 1967 when found guilty of draft evasion.
    • The 12 hours at Daytona is extended to 24 hours (now called The ROLEX 24 at Daytona)
  • Notable Deaths
    • Ty Cobb- Tigers player and first person inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame.
    • Curley Lambeau -  One of the Founders of the NFL
    • Glen "Fireball" Roberts - Died in Firery accident in a race at Charlotte, led to many modern day safety enhancements.
  • Youtube video that sums up the 1960s, very cool!

• Music (Yimin)

  In the 1960’s, popular music styles start to boomed. Many people in the 1960’s listened to jazz, folk and pop music. Rock and roll was a very popular music style and there was a split between the hard rock and the soft rock or ‘pop’ music. Famous folk artists included Bob Dylan and Joan Baez. The Beatles dominated rock and roll. Many of the popular music artisits in the 1960’s originated from Motown Records in Detroit. Stevie Wonder and the Temptations started because of Motown.

•  

• "They Way We Lived" (Salma) 

• • Hippie culture prevailed at this time
    • Free love, drug use, and sharing property
    • Music appreciation grew
  • Yo-yos, crayons, and coloring books all gained popularity
  • Women’s rights were pushed for heavier than before
  • LSD was strongly abused
  • Marijuana was also heavily used
  • The Beatles were one of the most celebrated bands of the time
  • Monterey International Pop Festival
  • Woodstock Music and Art Fair
    • August 1969
    • John Roberts and Joel Rosenman
    • Was held in Bethel
    • “Three days of peace and music”
    • Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, the Who; Crosby, Stills, and Nash; and Joan Baez all made appearances at the event
    • Defined the sixties era
    • Drug use was strong
  • “If you can remember the '60s, you must not have been there."

• Government & Politics (Greg)

  • The 1960s saw a lot of change in terms of the politics of society. Quoted from John F. Kennedy's famous inagural speech he proposes "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country." This idea gave light to many groups which intended to fulfill this act. However, these groups soon turned violent as the prosperous seeming decade turned to violence and questioning of one's beliefs. The 1960s saw the assasintion of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr., all who were activists for change and freedom. The people of the nation began to question their places in society. Violent groups such as the "Black Panthers" formed, as well as once peacful groups like the SDS turned anti-vietnam activists. Although things were not very politcally stable domestically, the United States did make some advances in its foreign policies. After the Cuban Missle Crisis, in which the entire population of the world was in jeopardy, the United States along with the Soviet Union saw that this was a good time to improve relations between each other. Thankfully, the 1960s saw the decline of tension between the Soviet Union and the U.S. However, not all tensions were resolved, as the Vietnam War broke out between the North Vietnamese and the anti-communist coalition of the U.S. and south Vietnam. This eventually led to even greater domestic problems in the United States.

• Law &  Justice (Greg)

  •      The 1960s experienced a shift in law and order. By this time, the baby-boomers of the post World War II era had grown to adolescense, and some even young adults. They had grown up in a prosperous time, and did not have the same morals as their parents, who grew up during a time of economic hardship and depression. Three very notorious criminal cases showcase this difference very clearly. The first was the case of Richard Hickock and Perry Smith, who were both convicted of brutal murder. Both resented what they had done, and lived with guilt until their execution. The second case was that of Charles Manson, a deranged murderer who had killed 5 people in cold blood only 9 years later from the Richard Hickock and Perry Smith murders. The main difference was that Manson did not resent his crimes at all. As a matter of fact, he justified his actions until his execution. The most frightining thing about this was that Manson had followers from the baby-boomer era who also justified their actions. This lawlessness became an ideal during the 1960s. Although the crimes were not nearly as bad as the Manson murders, the country saw a lot of anti-law movements, one major movement being the anti-draft activists. Many men who were drafted to the army to fight the war in Vietnam did not only not fulfill their orders, but also held public protests where many would burn their draft cards and chant slogans such a "Hell no, we won't go","Make love not war", and "Eighteen today, dead tomorrow". However, the 1960s did bring about some widely accepted laws, one very important one was the enactment of the second Civil Rights Act, which finally brought equality to all African-Americans.

•  

• Religion (Yimin)

  In the 1960’s religion started to decline during the postwar period. Bibles were not allowed to be read in schools and priests and nuns left their orders for more secular lives. There were many religious controversies in the 1960’s that led people to consider other things like race, gender, war, and the roles of churches in the society. Protestant churches started to decreases while the Conservative churches started to grow. Catholic churches were also accepted as part of the society. New groups started to rise like the Pentecostal Protestant Church. Also new faiths started to appear in the United States.

 

Presidents Name

Lyndon B. Johnson

 

 

 

Where I Live(ed): (Yimin)

Texas

Website: White House Official Biography

Date of Birth:

August 27, 1908 in Central Texas near Johnson City

Date of Death:

January 22, 1973 in Texas

Political Views:

Vice President of John F Kennedy and was sworn as president after JFK’s assassination

Supported the Democratic Party

 

Religious Views:

 

Member of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)

 

Years Served as President:

1963-1969

Occupations:

Lieutenant commander in the Navy during World War II, Teacher, Part of the House or Representatives, US Senator, Vice President

 

Interests/Hobbies:

·         Taking visitors in his car while driving at 90 mph and drinking scotch

·     Smoking

·     Politics

 

 

Education:

• Southwest Texas State Teachers College

   

Friends:

• FDR
• Clark Clifford- his 2^nd secretary of defense
• Robert McNamara- his 1^st secretary of defense
• Edward Aubrey Clark
• Clinton Murchison
• Richard Helms-Johnson promoted him to be head of the CIA

 

Sports:

• Did not play or have a favorite sport.

 

During my stint as president, the political, social and economic factors and challenges that I had to deal with (at home) included:

 

Political (Greg)

 

          During the 1960s, there was a lot of political unrest within the nation. The first and perhaps one of the most important was the Vietnam War. Although the war was being fought several thousand miles away from American soil, there were major political problems within. As a result of the draft enacted by Lyndon Johnson, many youth groups were organized to protest against the draft and the war itself.  The morale of the American people was at an all time low. This was especially true during the Civil Rights movements, where many Americans did not know on how to react to this. However, Johnson moved in the right direction and signed the Civil Rights Act, ensuring all people in America equality. This was definatly one of Johnson's highlights during his presidency.

 

Social (Salma)

 

The Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) was started in August of 1964. It aimed at social and economic benefits. Some of its social provisions were starting work training and study programs. Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) was also created under the OEO. The OEO motivated the youth to perform community work and create support systems. The social initiative was known as the “Great Society” goal. 

 

Economic (Raven)

 

In 1960, the United States was the most prosperous nation in the world and at the time, the United States experienced its longest uninterrupted economic expansion to date in American history. Big business dominated the domestic economy of the 1960s such as General Motors. Also at this time, Jobs were plentiful, wages were high, and businesses offered consumers more goods than ever before in an expanding number of malls and retail outlets. Because of this, Americans began living more luxurious lifestyles- owning their own home, cars and televisions. They also took more vacations and did activities such as bowling or boating. The general prosperity in the country lifted up almost all Americans, making Americans poorest richer than people in other countries. The credit card was too established and easier to use. As American businesses recorded higher profits and offered workers higher wages, they also sought ways to encourage Americans to buy more things. A good way to do this was to offer credit, allowing people to buy now and pay later.

 

 

 

 

During my stint as president, the political, social and economic factors and challenges that I had to deal with (abroad) included:

 

Political (John)

• Had to be the one to wage war on North Vietnam in alliance with south Vietnam, but did it with the Golf of Tonkin Resolution, allowing him to wage war without a declaration of war

  • some famous things done were

    • Operation Flaming Dart - February 1965

    • Operation Rolling Thunder - February 13th, 1965

      • Both of these were bombings on North Vietnamese bases.

 

Social (Salma) 

Promoting the Maintenance of International Peace and Security in Southeast Asia was a book by Johnson. He made some main points that he acted by. America keeps her word: Here as elsewhere, we must and shall honor our commitments. And Our purpose is peace: We have no military, political, or territorial ambitions in the area. Johnson was focused on maintaining the peace in his international affairs, not wanting to create any tension unless it proved necessary to maintain the peace.

 

Economic (Yimin)

 

A major economic issue in the 1960’s was the funding for the Vietnam War. On January 10^th, 1967, President Johnson asked for money funding for the war. He proposed a six-percent surcharge tax on personal and corporate income. This was passed by Congress in March but it backfired due to the majority of the public was tired of the controversies of the war.

Looking back at my presidential career, I had to wear several "hats."  Wearing these different "hats," these were my most significant achievements and failures:

 

Commander-in-Chief (Yimin)

In 1963, the conditions of the Vietnam war got worse so in 1964, he signed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution that furthered America's involvement in the Vietnam war. Under Jonson, the number of troops gradually increased and the US had hundreds of thousands of troops in Vietnam. Due to this, the conflict in Vietnam turned into a full-scaled war. In 1968, he used his power to cease bombing in North Vietnam so that thousands of lives could be spared and so there could be peace in Vietnam. This did not work since the war continued after Johnson left office.

Chief Executive (Salma)

 

 Under Johnson’s rule, protests arose for many different reasons such women’s rights, homosexuals, and African Americans. Antiwar rallies broke out during the Vietnam War, causing unrest in America. Many assassinations also took place during Johnson’s time as president, such as the murders of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.

 

Chief Diplomat (John)

President Johnson was involved in the Vietnam war.  He considered it justified that he could go to war with Vietnam with the justification of north Vietnam being a communist country.  This is him being chief diplomat by supporting democracy and attempting to eliminate communism with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

Ceremonial Head of State (John)

Johnson was the second president to be born in Texas but the only one born and raised in Texas and brought a lot of attention to the white house.  For one he was a supporter of the civil rights movement and assisted them.  He was also a proud supporter of the space program, and when the three Americans orbited the moon in '68, Johnson personally congratulated them on their success.

Manager of the Economy (Raven)

 

President Lyndon Johnson declared that he envisioned the United States evolving into a "Great Society". Meaning a nation of abundance, in which poverty and blight would be eradicated and he saw the U.S.’s prosperity as an invitation to the federal government to take care of its citizens. They made many attempts to relieve the problem such as passing dozens of legislative bills aimed at relieving poor people's conditions that had passed through Congress, including preschool programs, housing acts, and medical assistance. In return of these actions, poverty did decrease, however it made Americans worry that now the poor would depend too much on the federal government.

 

 

Party Leader (Greg)

          Due to Johnson's swift actions after the assasination of president John Kennedy, he was able to win the upcoming 1964 election by a landslide. This monumental victory allowed the democratic party to take the majority in both houses of Congress. However, his failing attempt to calm the Vietnam War caused his approval rating to drop dramatically. A famous chant by anti-war protesters was "Hey LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?" refering to the series of bombings that Johnson had ordered on many North Vietnamese bases. He droped out of the 1968 election, allowing Republican opposition Richard Nixon to take the White House which resulted in the loss of democratic influence in the government.

National Leader (Greg)

     Johnson's reasurance of the country after the assasination of John Kennedy seemed like a sign of things to come. However, Johnson inexperience in foreign affairs led to his downfall. After his total involvment in the Vietnam War, the country soon turned against him. His failure as national leader was proved after Johnson droped out of the Presidential race of 1968 even though he had the automatic democratic nomination.

 

Favorite Quote About Me by a Famous Historian: (Salma)

 

"That was the high flown rhetoric of all the New Dealers from Roosevelt to Truman, from Kennedy to Johnson and Carter. The aim of every one was the same - they would take your money and freedom to save you from yourself."-Barry Goldwater

 

 

The Vietnam War: (Raven)

-The Vietnam War began in 1954 and ended in 1975, making it the longest war for America. The United States initially got involved in the war to prevent South Vietnam from becoming Communist, however, when the U.S. realized that fighting a war against Communism in a distant land and with uncertain support from the South Vietnamese people put the entire mission at risk they withdrew and let the South Vietnamese’s government fight their own war. The Vietnam is considered to be very agonizing considering the politics involved in fighting and protesting. Plus, the American soldiers had to face some of the most terrifying and demoralizing conditions known in modern warfare.

-Originally, Americans thought they only had to fight the North Vietnamese but because they professed respect for the peasant farmers who made up the majority of the Vietnamese population, the Americans had to also fight the South Vietnamese (Vietcong). This proposed a problem because the Americans could not distinguish enemies from friends in a tropical jungle nation where the very people who welcomed them to their villages during the day might fire upon them at night. The soldiers also lacked clear military objectives, leaving them repulsed and annoyed by their own government.

-As far as Johnson's presidency, he at first did not want to be burdened with it and rather worked on American becoming a "Great Society". However, on November 1963 when conditions in Vietnam worsened, Johnson said, "the battle against communism... must be joined... with strength and determination."

 

The Vietnam War,https://trcs.wikispaces.com/Vietnam+war08?f=print

 

Positive Political Cartoon (John)

 

This Political Cartoon, called "Looking For Flaws", was published by Rube Goldberg.  The "ring" that he is holding is replaced by a missile, and johnson is considered a Jewler carefully looking at the ring, depicted as defense costs as he looks to perfect them.

 

"Looking for Flaws" <http://www.historyforsale.com/productimages/jpeg/258105.jpg>

Negative Political Cartoon (Yimin)

This cartoon published on November 18, 1967 is of the President countering criticisms about his administrations involvement in Vietnam. Johnson furthered involvement in the war by signing the Tonkin Golf Resolution in 1964. By 1967, there was a lot of opposition of the war.

 

Lyndon B Johnson Political Cartoon. <http://tjrhino1.umsl.edu/hesse_political_cartoon/hesse_political_cartoon.html>

 

After all this research you should now be able to answer the guiding question.  Do NOT assign this to one person.  The whole group needs to participate in a discussion and then write up the answer.  Yes, you can do it on-line or in person.  It should be several paragraphs and the answer to this question is the most important part of this assignment!!!

 

    In the 1960s, American was in a changing state. Everything from the fashion to religion was changing. New products were being made and there was a shift from the old America to the new, more modern America. With everything changing, by the end of WWII, America became a completely different nation. During his presidency, Lyndon Johnson used his power to enforce many things. The things he did had made America a "Great Society".He furthered American involvement in the Vietnam War. The soldiers of the war face some of the most terrifying and demoralizing conditions known in modern warfare in the war. This changed their perspective on life forever and they could never go back to their old lives. The "old" America would not have suited their "new" prespective on life. Johnson’s contribution as a president and the shift of the culture to shaped America after WWII as a modern nation.

     American culture was defined by the revolution of beliefs. After WWII, women, African Americans, and other minorities allowed their voices to be heard. Citizens were stepping up to the challenges of uniting people across the country. New styles of fashion and music were introduced. Hippies were a great part of the cultural revolution as well. After the pessimism that swept the nation during the war, they introduced their strong beliefs of the prevalence of peace and love. Post-WWII America was relaxed and calm, a response to previous hysteria and panic. The 60s passed in a haze for the younger generations, who introduced LSD and other drugs to the scene. The relaxed feeling may have been chemically induced, but that is what it took for people to loosen up. 

     Prior to WWII, most people stuck to the same, old traditions. However, after World War II, more and more people began to challenge those views. The 60's is a great example of that. In the 60's the excitement of cars was still going strong and people, especially younger people, started to become even more social, doing things such as going to the movies. And because of their previous suppression, women especially were becoming more politically aware. This caused the uprising of more women rights and also hippies. America was improving with each day and the President only had to keep it that way.

     The 1960s was the decade that ushered in the modern era in many categories, like food, sports, and many others.  It was also the start of the space age as well and the begging of the steriod era in sports, though the consequences were not known at the time of what would happen.  Lyndon B. Johnson was also a factor in the change as he moved America through out the Vietnam war and helped the nation recover from the assasination of John F. Kennedy and lead us through a lot of the early stages of the cold war.

     Prior to World War II, America experienced one of the darkest times in its history. Millions of people were jobless, and nobody knew what direction the country would head. As grim as it may sound, the horrors of war actually brought proseperity to America. After World War II, America experienced one of the greatest times in its history and things only got better by the 1960s. People now possesed new freedoms that they had never had before. The baby-boomer generation as they are called, grew up during a time of great economic wealth. This lead to a new sense of culture in the United States, which in turn ultimatly shaped the new America. But it was not just the culture that shaped America, but also the actions of the president. Lyndon Johnson had to deal with assassination, domestic dispute, and a war that ultimatly slipped from his grip. His policies changed the behavior of the American society. The easing of the tension between the Soviet Union and America eventually led to arms control. This was only a small part in the most important thing that the new America believed in; preserving the human race. After witnessing the horrors of World War II and the near destruction of the entire world due to the Cuban Missle Crisis, the aim of the new America was to protect, nourish, and ultimatly preserve life as we know it.

 

Works Cited:

"1960s: Music." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 4: 1960s-1970s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002. 841-842. 5 vols.

Cooke, Jacob E. "Washington, George." Presidents: A Reference History. Ed. Henry F. Graff. 3^rd ed. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. 1-     21. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. International Academy High School. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?         p=GVRL&u=lom_inac>. 

Do You Know Your 36^th president. Hdwebsite05.tripod.com.2005. Lyndon B. Johnson, His Background. 10 June 2009.<ttp://hdwebsite05.tripod.com/id6.html>

Foreign Events of Lyndon Johnson. Librarythinkquest.org.2008. Lyndon Baines Johnson. 10 June 2009.<http://library.thinkquest.org/11492/cgi-bin/pres.cgi/johnson_lyndon?foreign>

History. Online ed.  Detroit: Gale, 2003. Junior Reference Collection. Gale. INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY HIGH SCHOOL. 10 June 2009 

<http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS>.Lyndon B Johnson. Politicalfriendster.com. 2006. Lyndon B Johnson.10 June 2009. <http://www.politicalfriendster.com/showPerson.php?id=1858&name=Lyndon-B-Johnson>

 

Johnson asks for more funding for Vietnam war. www.history.com. 2008. This day in history 1967. 16 June 2009. <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=107>

"Johnson, Lyndon Baines 1908-1973." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY HIGH SCHOOL. 17 June 2009 

<http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/infomark.do?&contentSet=EBKS&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=GVRL&docId=CX3468302308&eisbn=978-1-4144-1116-3&source=gale&userGroupName=lom_inac&version=1.0>.

 

President Lyndon B. Johnson's Address to the Nation Upon Announcing His Decision To Halt the Bombing of North Vietnam. lbjlib.utexas.edu. 2009. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. 10

June 2009.<http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/681031.asp>

“Religion and President Johnson” utexas.edu.2009. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum . 10 June 2009.<http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/faqs/Religion/religion_hm.asp>

 "The 1960s: Religion: Overview." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 7: 1960-1969. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols.

 

 YOU MUST USE ACADEMIC SOURCES!