MYP Unit Question: How can the contributions of one person affect the direction of an entire nation?

 

Guiding Question: How did Culture and the Role of the President Shape Post-WWII America?

 

 

Featuring President Richard Nixon

Paige Wittmann, Sophia Borroni-Bird, Vaibhuv Nangia, Joe Hermann, Ian Koncagul

  

Music

     The 1970s were a bustling time for a melange of music genres. The following songs were selected for their memorable qualities: "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor, "Stayin' Alive" by the Bee Gees, "Midnight Train to Georgia" by Gladys Knight & The Pips, "Funkytown" by Lipps, Inc., "(They Long to Be) Close to You" by the Carpenters, "God Save the Queen" by The Sex Pistols, "Blitzkrieg Bop" by The Ramones, and "D-I-V-O-R-C-E" by Tammy Wynetter. Most of these songs represent different genres of music. The '70s were the peak era for disco, the end of Motown, the restart of country, the beginning of punk, and the continuation of rock and pop. Music of the '70s foreshadowed the rebellious '80s, but also acted as the epitome for a new America, where boundaries were pushed and sometimes broken.

Education 

     The 1970s were a time of change in education. Before this era, education was strictly a professional thing. Classes consisted of lectures and homework on subjects which focused on, what we consider today, basic. But during the 1970s, much of the curriculum changed and emphasized higher level math skills. Unfortunately, the American public rejected this way of teaching, and changes were made to the curriculum later. There were also changes made to the English curriculum of America. The DISTAR program was established in order to let poor children obtain a reading level equal to that of a high-class child. It consisted of rigorous reading training and other activities. In addition, government agencies were created in order to reform English education from simply grammar into communication with the reader. "too many teachers seem to think that the ultimate end of instruction in literature is knowledge of and about Macbeth or Silas Marner, rather than the processes of learning to read and write about Macbeth or Silas Marner with insight and discrimination." (Tompkins). 

Religion

     The 1970s were an interesting time for religion. Televangelism, or christian preachers who regularly appear on television to preach and advertise for funds, was at its peak during this era. Cults, such as the Hare Krishnas, were also at their height. Religious groups were starting to cause controversy: one's opinions towards abortion were greatly influenced by one's religion. Another controversy was homosexuality. While gays and lesbians could publicly identify themselves, they were not recognized as homosexual by most religious affiliations. An organization titled Save Our Children was formed against homosexuality, and although their opinions may have been popular with religious conservatives, the government found arguments against homosexuality as discriminatory and against core democratic values.

Fashion

     Today the fashion icons of the 1970s are remembered with either embarrassment or adornment. Fashion in this era included Hot Pants, Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Leisure Suits, Mood Rings, and Polyester all became popular in the 1970s. Hot Pants are indecently short women’s pants made out of a variety of materials. The main use of these shorts was to be shorter than mini skirts while still allowing women some modesty. Another influence in the 1970s fashion world was Ralph Lauren, whose peak came when he designed the wardrobe for Robert Redford (who played the role of Gatsby in The Great Gatsby), designer of  ‘old-fashioned Anglo American’ style clothing (upper middle-class) became well known and admired in the 1970s. Finally, Leisure Suits are made out of polyester fabric and are brightly colored and model a variety of plaids. Wearing this suit meant wearing pants and a matching jacked, with an open collar; these were less casual then regular suits. Mood rings told the mood of the user- they helped people understand their true emotions. Through the Fashion of this decade one can decipher the need for this era to come into content with their true feelings, to relax after a time of stress, and to want to be seen as strong and successful. 

 

 

 

Food And Drink

     Food and Drink in the 1970s is relatively the same as Food and Drink the 2000s. However, a well-known company began its fame in this era: Budweiser. Slogans for Budweiser suggested this alcoholic beverage was the man’s drink while still managing to encourage legal and responsible drinking. Budweiser’s outbreak in the late 1960s and early 1970s insinuates this era’s people wanted to have fun and relax after dealing with such turmoil.

  

Film And Theatre

     A Clockwork Orange is a story of a teenage gang set in England, whose main joy in life is committing “ultra-violence”, meaning partaking in gang fights and beatings and rape. The Exorcist is a story of two priests trying to exorcise a little girl, who becomes possessed by a demon. The Godfather is about a family who is part of the Mafia, who use fear and violence to become successful in the business world. Jaws tells of terrible shark attacks that plague a summertime resort. Rocky is the story of an underdog who gets his chance to become famous and achieve his dreams. Saturday Night Fever is about a teenager living in Brooklyn, who works as a clerk during the day, but by night is a famous star in at the disco. Star Wars is a story of people living under a corrupt Empire. Though all these movies have different plots, there are similar messages and themes are are connected between the big blockbusters, which then further influenced the decade. The main focus of most of the movies are about the decaying corrupt government system, and that perservering through the problems in life can help you make the right choices.

 

 

 

 

Print Culture

     Judy Blume has written many books focused towards the female teen about worries, such as starting a new school, finding religion, beginning to menstruate, buying bras and having sex for the first time. Harlequin Romance novels were targeted towards the stay at home wife who wanted a break to read up on romance. Garfield, the “fat orange couch potato” is easily the most recognized comic of all time. He enjoys eating lasagna and stealing from the cookie jar, and sleeping. People is a gossip magazine that covers celebrities and other prominent figures, providing images and interviews as a source of entertainment. Most popular reading had the audience of women, regardless if they are children or mothers. Many magazines, whether gossip and entertainment or Hustler, were produced with women in mind. This further exemplified how the Equal Rights Amendment went into effect during the 70s.

  

Business And the Economy

     The 1970s was a tough time for big business and the economy. The Vietnam War and social programs initiated by Lyndon Johnson, combined with Nixon's stubborn stance on the budget led to high inflation. Nixon tried to control the rising inflation by putting restrictions on wage and prices, but the government involvement did not help the economy recover. The Watergate scandal ruined Nixon and his resignation brought a further sense despair and lack of trust in the government. The 1970s was plagued with the oil crisis- and the rising oil cost of imported oil had a disastrous effect on the auto industry, aviation industry, and steel industry. Chrysler had to be “bailed out” to stay alive, and by the end of the decade people were looking to Japan as a rising automotive capital. Unions tried to help their workers maintain rights and their jobs, but the economic problems were too great to prevent job loss. Attempts by unions to persuade government policy failed, and the lack of results caused the public to lose faith in unions. Though times were tough in the 1970s, the transformation of American business was vital to economic success in the 1980s and prepared the U.S. for a new age of business. Small companies such as Nike, Apple, and Microsoft would grow into largely profitable countries in the decade to come.

  

Law and Justice 

      During the 1970s, debates surrounding law and justice became central issues of the day. Crime rates and prison populations grew. Debates about the death penalty, segregation, the environment, and abortion waged on. Crime rates increased in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and Nixon's firm stance on law and order helped him get elected. Nixon and other conservatives campaigned to outlaw drugs and stress the importance of family values. Unhappy with the Supreme Court, Nixon appointed new justices and pushed the court in a more conservative direction. The new court “relaxed” on the enforcement of desegregation laws, but also took a liberal stance on other issues. The court decided in Roe v. Wade, that it was a woman's right to have an abortion during the first trimester. The growing women's rights movement helped push this decision. The environment was another hotly debated issue of the 1970s, but with strong public support, new laws were enacted to achieve cleaner air and water. The 1970s were a time of great change and public reform, and law and justice helped define the decade. 

 

Sports And Games

     The 1970’s were a great time of triumph for sports and games, many athletes of this time are still remembered today. Some of these are Wilt Chamberlin, Muhammad Ali, and Arnold Palmer. Wilt Chamberlin currently holds the record for the most points scored in a single basketball game and is still mentioned in basketball games and the like. Muhammad Ali is known for his prowess as a boxer and his famous saying “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee”, Ali was so famous that in the 1990’s a movie about his life was nominated for an Oscar. Arnold Palmer, the first golfer to make more than a million dollars had a good portion of his career in the seventies, today his name lives on in the drink named after him. The 1970’s were the first time that top sports players made over a million dollars per year, salaries for athletes increased dramatically during this time period. This is mostly due to the response to televised sports which were introduced in the 1960’s. Businessmen in the 70’s decided to capitalize on this which led to much more money being fed into sports which meant more money for the players. One example of this is Muhammad Ali; he earned $2.5 million for his title fight against Joe Frazier in 1971 and more than that when he regained the championship against George Foreman in 1975. The 1970's were a great period of growth for sports, and this growth encouraged the excitement and joy that are still experienced in sports today. The major growth of the sports industry helped to define this decade.

 

 

 

Government And Politics

     The 1970’s are unique in the fact that this is the decade in which the limits of American power become evident. The United States were unable to win the Vietnam War and suffered to oil shortages in this decade. Also, there was an attempt to reconcile with the Soviet Union to a certain extent. Richard Nixon negotiated an arms-control agreement with the Soviet Union and began to improve relations with China which President Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter continued to a certain extent. By the end of the 70’s, though, the Cold War was back in full swing. The Watergate Scandal occurred in the 1970’s and it illustrated that congress needed some changes. Congress had the power to remove Nixon, but delayed until the media and the public forced it to take action. Congress rectified these changes later on in the decade and held much more influence when the Vietnam War came around.

 

The Way We Lived

     The cults that gained popularity and power were mostly destructive and detrimental. Jonestown brainwashed their followers by their leader, Jim Jones, who eventually commanded all of them to commit suicide, and those who were unwilling were shot. Divorce rates began to rise dramatically, after becoming socially acceptable. Women were to be treated completely equal under the Equal Rights Amendment. The Joy of Sex was published at a time when society began to lighten up many of the inflexible, rigid attitudes that had prevented open discussions about sex. Roe v. Wade was a Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion the first trimester. The transfer for STDs increased radically, especially Herpes Type I and II. Many decisions made legally during the 70s were for the benefit of women, who were finally starting to be seen as equal. Casual sex was seen as more socially acceptable, probably resulting in the rise in STDS and divorce rates and the Roe v. Wade decision. 

 

Presidents Name

Richard Nixon

 

Where I Live(ed):

Yorba Linda, California

Website: White House Information 

 

Date of Birth: 

January 9, 1913 in California

 

Date of Death: 

April 22, 1994 in New York 

 

Political Views:

Republican 

 

Religious Views: 

Quaker

  

Years Served as President: 

1969-1974

 

 

 

Occupations: 

Writer, Navy Lieutenant Commander, Vice President, and Governor 

  

 Interests/Hobbies:

• Politics

• Watching American astronauts make their first landing on the moon

• Ballroom dancing

• Watching sports

• Bowling    

 Education:

•  Whittier College

•  Duke University Law School 

 

 Friends:

• General Eisenhower

• Henry Kissinger

• Thelma "Patricia" Catherine Ryan

• G. Gordon Liddy

• James W. McCord

• Gerald Ford   

 

During my stint as president, the political, social and economic factors and challenges that I had to deal with (at home) included:

 

Political 

• "Watergate" scandal

• Created Anti-Crime Acts

•  First President to resign

•  Revenue sharing 

    

Social

•  Protests to the Vietnam war

•  Want to expand social benefits for the American people during a time of economic hardship

•  Civil rights such as feminism, abortion, and gay rights

   

Economic

•  Because of Vietnam War, inflation shot up in the 1970's.

•  Oil Crisis, people began fuel rationing.

•  Introduced job training programs that are still in use today.

•  Expanded Food Stamp Program.

 

 

 

During my stint as president, the political, social and economic factors and challenges that I had to deal with (abroad) included: 

 

Political

•  Had to deal with the various problems of the Vietnam War.  Diplomatic negotiations were a common part of the job, and negotiation of peace terms at the end of the war were important.

•  Travelling to China to re-establish foreign ties with the Communist nation.

•  Negotiating nuclear treaties with the Soviet Union to promote nuclear peace.

 

Social

• Traveled to China and Russia to end the trade embargo and sign treaties relating to antiballistic missiles and other strategic weapons. Then meets greets Japanese emperor Hirohito at Anchorage, Alaska.

•  Responding to North Vietnam, Nixon authorizes bombing in Hanoi and Haiphong.

• Announces that a peace settlement has been reached for Vietnam War, which required the United States to withdraw all forces within sixty days, and that all American prisoners of war be released within sixty days.

Economic

• Oil producing nations raised oil prices, demonstrating US's economic dependance on their oil.

• Began relations in China which was the basis of our strong trade relationship that we hold with them till this day.

 

 

 

Looking back at my presidential career, I had to wear several "hats."  Wearing these different "hats," these were my most significant achievements and failures:

 

Commander-in-Chief

As Commander-in Chief, my most notable accomplishment was getting American troops out of Vietnam with a plan called "Vietnamization", but this can also be viewed as a negative action. "Vietnamization" was a plan in which American troops were slowly replaced by Vietnamize troops, the purpose being to allow the South Vietnamize to fight for themselves. But, by pursuing Vietnamization I removed our troops and effectively removed America from this conflict in which it lost so much. But, in doing so,  I essentially condemed South Vietnam to defeat. If someone were to view "Vietnamization" as that condemnation, I would have wasted all that was lost in trying to secure South Vietnam's freedom. For this reason, this plan of "Vietnamization" may be vied as either my most significant achievement, or my most significant failure as Commander-in-Chief of the Army.

 

Chief Executive

The main role as a chief executive is to be sure that laws are faithfully executed, with the authority to approve or veto laws and to appoint officials. During my stint as president, I appointed Supreme Court justices who would reverse the liberal decisions of Warren Court, which expanded the rights of accused criminals and its use to desegregate public schools. I vetoed a 20 billion dollar education bill and named Admiral Thomas Moorer to replace General Earle G. Wheeler as chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff. I signed the Organized Crime Control Act, which promised “total war against organized crime”. However, I did not follow my own laws correctly, having five men break and enter into the Democratic National Headquarters and commit campaign fraud, espionage, and sabotage, illegal wiretapping, and holding a secret slush fund.

 

Chief Diplomat

Taking the role as Chief Diplomat entails a President to defend the country's national security and economic interests as well as promoting democratic principles and human rights around the world. Nixon did a fair job in playing this role due to his work in creating peace with other nations and ending American fighting in Vietnam. Nixon worked towards creating 'Triangular Diplomacy' with Communist China and The Soviet Union. President Nixon was able to defend the United States by creating SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) and negotiating trade and financial agreements; In doing this he improved relations with the Soviet Union.  President Nixon was also the first President to visit Communist China. Nixon was an important asset for the US in creating a, "brokered peace in the Middle East".  

 

Ceremonial Head of State

Being the Ceremonial Head of State is about representing people and completing ceremonial duties.  Nixon did duties such as throwing the opening pitch at a baseball game and attending ballroom dances.  Nixon became known for attending sporting events, speaking at baseball and football games.  He also took up a much publicized interesting bowling during his time in office.

 

 

Manager of the Economy

When I was the Manager of the Economy one of my more significant addtions was the addition of food stamps. This was a great move for the economy because it allows those who are poor to get food and they do not work for anything else, meaning that the charity will not be abused and will be used effectively. I also tried to reform wellfare and taxes immensely, not all of my attempts were sucessful, but the ones that were aided the American public immensely. In a speech about welfare I state,  "The purpose of all these reforms is to eliminate unfairness; to make the government more effective as well as more efficient; and to bring an end to its chronic failure to deliver the service that it promises....". As a Manager of the Economy, I will almost assuredly be remembered as great. 

 

Party Leader 

During Nixon's time as President, he led the Republican Party in a new direction. He attempted to create welfare reforms that helped the public. Had he succeeded, his plan would have been a very expansive form of welfare. Unlike previous Republicans, he tried to appeal to young voters as well as old, and created a cabinet with some degree of bipartisanship. Nixon became an expert in foreign policy, and made it the party's agenda to re-establish ties with other nations. Nixon's ideas helped shaped a new era of wider acceptance and change for the Republican party.

 

National Leader

Nixon failed as a national leader. Although he ended fighting in Vietnam and built relations with the U.S.S.R & China, he failed in leading the nation. According to the presidential roles packet, the president's role as a national leader is "the main quality they [the public] use when judging a president's tenure in office." And if someone remembered Nixon for his positive accomplishments, then they are yet to be found. First of all, the Watergate Scandal ignited anger and distrust of the government throughout America. In addition, it has been speculated as to whether Nixon was anti-semitic. "But, Bob, generally speaking, you can't trust the bastards. They turn on you. Am I wrong or right?" he said during a taping at the White House. How can a nation love their leader, if their leader did not love them? These were the main reasons why Nixon failed as a national leader.

 

Favorite Quote About Me by a Famous Historian:

He suffered defeats that would have ended most political careers, yet he won stunning victories that many of the world's most popular leaders have failed to attain. - Bill Clinton, former President of the United States

 

 

 

 

 

  

Positive Political Cartoon

 

 

Negative Political Cartoon

 

    

          The contributions of one person can affect the direction of an entire nation, especially if this person is the President. This is true in President Richard Nixon’s case, whether he positively or negatively contributed to the nation may be arguable, but it is undeniable that he changed the nation. Even though Nixon participated in the infamous Watergate scandal, the years prior during his presidency were flourishing, due to his experience in foreign policy, the bills and acts passed during the time, and ending the Vietnam War. Nixon is unique in the fact that his negative effects on the nation are nearly at par with his positive effects on it. Richard Nixon is an extremely effective example of just how much a single person can effect a nation and the world whether that effect is postive or negative is debatable.

 

     Nixon's contributions to foreign policy during his presidency were numerous, and vital actions for re-establishing ties with Cold War enemies. Unlike previous Presidents, Nixon was the first since WWII to try and establish foreign ties with China. In 1972, he became the first President to visit the People's Republic of China. The first step in solving any disagreement is to open up means of communication. Nixon was also successful in bridging the communication barrier with the Soviet Union. He met with Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev, and successfully put into effect different treaties that prevented war. Nixon enacted anti-missile treaties, and a SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) treaty. By doing this, Nixon effectively put an end to the cold war. The foreign policy of Nixon had a positive effect on the international community, and his actions encouraged a new era of peace and diplomacy.

 

     The 1970s were times when many environmental acts were passed. The Environmental Protection Agency was formed under the ruling of President Nixon. He also passed the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. Most of these acts were passed unanimously, which please environmentalists. For animal rights activists, the Endangered Species Act and Marine Mammal Act were passed, in addition to many other acts. The burning of the Cuyahoga River in Ohio caused the creation of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which nowadays enforces the animal rights acts. Overall, the fact that all of these acts were passed emphasizes the liberal mindset of the majority of America.

 

          The years of the Vietnam War were brutal and it was the biggest controversy of the 1970s.The radicalism of the American people grew steadily month by month, causing lack of trust in the government and the President. Nixon often eluded to pulling the troops out of Vietnam with honor and dignity, when in reality, he had no such plan. He knew that pulling out immediately would backfire, causing America to loose its superpower status, and he knew that using nuclear power was impossible due to society's hostility towards the war. Officials from the United States and North Vietnam began to talk peace negotiations in Paris in May 1968, coming to the conclusion in December that extensive bombings were to be dropped on Hanoi, the capital of North Vietnam, eventually killing 1600 Vietnamese. After Congress reassembled, they voted against funding for the war effort, so on January 27, 1973, the United States, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam signed a peace treaty, ending the war completely for the United States.

 

          It is a common misconception that Nixon produced only negative contributions, this is due to the infamous Watergate Scandal. However, this fallacy can be proved wrong when taking into account his ability to guide the 1970s out of the phase of turmoil the nation had experienced. President Nixon's contributions affected the entire nation, by guiding the US through treaties with Vietnam, numerous bills and acts, and foreign policy. Nixon was able to bring the, "Me Era", together through comfort and contemptuousness. Nixon's overlooked accomplishments and his widely publicized mistake both affected the nation as a whole and were able to advance the nation and take the nation a step back. 

 

 

   

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