MYP Unit Question: How can the contributions of one person affect the direction of an entire nation?
Guiding Question: How did Culture and the Role of the President Shape Post-WWII America?
The 1980s
Ronald Reagan
Nick Labensky, Laura Cheng, Jade Parker, Diana Hong, Nick Wojno
Step 3: Determine the context for and cultural response to the historical events. The topics are in a bullet point list. Your research/writing should be in paragraph form. You should also create headings. Consider the influence on your decade on the following topics:
Business & the Economy: Compared to the 1970s, America began to prosper in the 1980s. However, the recession that began in 1979 lasted until 1982. Present Ronald Reagan reduced government regulations and taxes, which allowed businesses to flourish. His stance that government should not have great influence in the economy was demonstrated through tax reductions and reduced government regulations. Social programs were cut while spending for the military dramatically increased. There was intense corporate competition, while big businesses got even bigger by purchasing competitors. Americans spent money more freely during the 1980s. Many purchased luxury goods to flaunt their wealth. Companies such as Starbucks, J. Crew, Home Shopping Network, and IBM expanded dramatically during this time period (Pendergast 1055).
Education:
In the 1960’s and 1970’s, battles for expanding educational equity and opportunity led to increased opportunity-public schooling was available to all. The percentage of Americans graduating high school rose from 50% in 1950 to 75% in 1980 (Tompkins 379). Higher education opportunities were accessible to nearly everyone-including minorities and women. But with increased participation, quality of education decreased as electives (i.e.: driver education, consumer education, death education, drug education, marriage simulation, cheerleading, astrology) started to replace prime academic courses (science, math, english). SAT scores went downward and as a result, districts adopted minimum competency testing for graduation. "There was evidence that students were learning less-shortened school days and school years, and less homework, and on average only three hours of instructional time per day" (Tompkins380). Too much student choice in curriculum was one of the causes to this educational diminish. In 1983, Ronald Reagan constructed his National Commission on Excellence in Education to produce the document A Nation at Risk. This document would indict the education status and launch a reform movement. These reforms proposed extensive new requirements for graduation, new testing requirements for students to assess the curriculum, and new management requirements for teachings(Tompkins 181). The effect was great, and the educational system for elementary and secondary schools increased in quality, however, from these reforms, colleges suffered from loss of the “access” of students, resulting in less enrollments (Tompkins 182).
Fashion: During the 1980s, the clothing was conservative and the wardrobe reflected one’s social status. Wealthy Americans, also called young urban professionals or yuppies, flaunted their wealth by wearing the latest styles of designer clothes. Men wore business suits to work while women typically wore skirts, white blouses, and tailored jackets to work. During the latter 1980s, Americans began wearing casual clothes to work and women began to dress more feminine, such as miniskirts, ruffles, and low necklines. Accessories such as Sony Walkman, Rolex watches, and expensive leather briefcases were popular. Women also began wearing sneakers and socks, reflecting the athletic trend. Preppy clothes, such as polos, cable-knit sweaters, cotton turtlenecks and khaki pants were popular as they emphasized a high status, professionalism, and wealth. Influenced by the British punk movement, the youth wore ripped T-shirts and jeans, multiple earrings, and black leather (Tompkins 221).
Film & Theatre:The use of special effects became widely used in the 80s (usually to be violent and depict actions). Many space movies like, two Star Wars films and four Star Trek films were made that decade. E.T. (1982) was a different approach to special effects. Science fiction films like the Terminator and Robocop were also popular (special effects). Ronald Reagan’s anticommunist views were supported through patriotic movies like Red Dawn (1984). Horror films also grew in popularity and often included male psycho killers killing women. Feminists thought it reflected America’s negative attitudes towards female success. “Dumb Comedies” became popular with comedians such as Robin Williams, Eddie Murphy, Steve Martin, Bette Midler and Whoopi Goldberg. Many big budget stage productions were launched on Broadway and toured all over the world in the 80’s, like Cats (1982), Les Miserables (1987), and Phantom of the Opera (1988). Many Hollywood stars returned to perform live and brought in large crowds (Pendergast 1119).
Food & Drink:The way Americans ate and prepared food did not change much from the '70s. There were some new restaurants that opened their doors during the '80s. A couple of them are Olive Garden and Boston Market. The effect of "fast food" still held strong, thousands of Americans would eat at these establishments weekly. Many of the same snacks that kids eat today were eaten in the '80s such as Skittles and Sweettarts (Pendergast 1127).
Print Culture: In the 1980’s, small-town newspapers were bought by nationwide chains and altered into local voices of a national editorial policy. Profits and losses in the media industry rose greatly, and the number of new magazines, newspapers, and books climbed drastically. USA Today hit newsstands in 1982, and after four years, it had a daily circulation of more than one million readers (Pendergast 1155). USA Today incorporated interesting color photographs, charts, and sports and entertainment news, but new businesses copied this style. Production costs increased, and some of the oldest newspapers closed. Independent book stores were pushed out of business by large chains like Barnes & Noble and Borders (Pendergast 1155). Sales of paperback books increased in this decade because consumers were tired of paying for the growing cost of hardbacks. Magazine publishing also rose in the 1980’s. More types of magazines were formed from a variety of subjects from health and exercise, to computers and science.
Sports & Games:Sports continued to be “big business” because they were so commercialized. During the 80’s sports enjoyed the benefits of financial prosperity and mass popularity. The television played a crucial role for sports during this decade. CBS was buying up the rights to televise sports on their network. A couple of sports include the NFL, NBA, and the NCAA. There were many “star” athletes during the eighties. A huge name is football was Joe Montana. He was the quarterback for theSan Francisco49ers.Montanaled them to win the Super Bowl in ‘82, ‘85, and ’89. Also there was “The Great One” who was dominating in the sport of hockey. According to American Decades Wayne Gretzky scored 583 goals and handed out 1,086 assists. Wayne Gretzky led the Edmonton Oilers to the Stanley Cup in ’85, ’87, and ’88.Something else was also happening in hockey in 1980. Coach Herb Brooks was leading his team to win the Olympic Gold Medal. His unusual coaching methods brought his team together and accomplished their main goal, defeating the Soviets. A couple of other big names during this time period were Mike Tyson and Michael Jordan (Pendergast 1165).
Music:MTV aired for the first time in 1981, making the music video an important part of music sales. It helped bring rap to the mainstream with shows like Yo! MTV Raps.Popular artists included Duran Duran, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Prince, The Beastie Boys, Whitney Houston, Bruce Springsteen, Run DMC. Country also made a comeback with artist like Reba McEntire, Ricky Skaggs, and Randy Travis.Also, relatively new media became popular such as videotapes and audiocassettes. The distinction among AM and FM radio at this time became prevalent. FM stations primarily started to play more music because they had better sound quality (Pendergast 1135).
"The Way We Lived":From 1980 to 1989, the total personal expenditures for recreation increased by $100 billion. Activities such as sporting events, Broadway shows, and viewing motion-pictures were a common pastime. Additionally, cable television increasingly gave viewers more choices in channels, and by 1989 cable television was found in 60 percent of all homes with television sets (Pendergast 1197). "Rentals of movies on video became popular, and by 1985, income from video rentals for home viewing equaled the income studios made from movies in theaters" (Pendergast 1197). Other popular leisure activities included attending professional wrestling matches, board games, the rubik’s cube, and video games. During the 1980’s, more and more Americans were eating out. By 1986, 40 percent of the average household food budget was spent in restaurants. Many Americans continued to travel domestically and abroad
Government and Politics: As the 1980’s arrived, so had the greatest superpower conflict since world war II. The weakened relations between the USSR and the United States had all but disintegrated, as the Soviets looked beyond the motherland to Africa and Central America in their own imperialist goals. Prior to President Reagan’s inauguration, President Carter had built up defenses in the United States, and In 1980, Reagan added to these institutions. Following the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, many Americans became increasingly incensed with what appeared to be unrequited aggression on the part of the Soviet Union. At this point, President Reagan acted on his “Star Wars” project, which was a plan to create a shield, partially from orbit, which could intercept ICBM’s, or intercontinental ballistic missiles, which can be launched from essentially any location, and are fitted with destructive warheads that are capable of razing entire cities. On a more national scale, our nation’s politics were secondary to the cold war. However, the 1980 and 1984 elections proved to be revolutionary. First, Reagan was considered a tougher and more capable president than Carter, and won the election significantly. In 1984, Reagan won his reelection, but with a landslide vote and voter turnout that had never been heard of before. Also, the government was being revolutionized with the re-introduction of conservatism, and the republican party was becoming increasingly conservative in their foreign policy and law-making processes (Tompkins 257).
Religion: Reagan’s conservatism inspired groups of Fundamentalists (people who interpreted the Bible literally) to push their own political issues. They pushed the “Religious Right” and tried to pass amendments to require school prayer and ban abortion. Both were rejected, but got the public thinking about those issues (Tompkins 537).
Law and Justice: A primary concern for the United States under President Reagan was eliminating communism from the government. Reagan himself claimed that the US had become “soft” on communism, and he started up the crusades against communism once again. In 1981, the US justice department doubled its counterintelligence programs, and more espionage cases were tried. America’s War on communism was only rivaled by its new war on drugs, which started in 1982. Reagan’s vice president, George Bush, was named the chief coordinator of anti-drug policy (Tompkins 332). George Bush, who was a former head of the CIA, began to stop the trafficking of drugs from central American countries into places like southern Florida, where large amounts of the newly popular cocaine were being illegally smuggled into the United States. This was the country’s first major assault on drug trafficking since prohibition, but this one proved even more effective at ridding drugs from our nation, as well as reducing corruption. The war on drugs was able to limit drug trafficking, but contraband from south America was still able to slip through the cracks in our justice system, resulting in harsher anti-drug legislation (Tompkins 332).
Republican views-"Reaganomics"-advocated reduced business regulation, controlling inflation, reducing growth in government spending, and spurring economic growth through tax cuts
Religious Views:
Baptized Disciples of Christ and later attended Presbyterian churches
Years Served as President:
1981-1989
Occupations:
Actor
Sports broadcaster
Businessman
Rancher
U.S. Air Force-Captain
Television Host
Governor of California
Interests/Hobbies:
Orator
Sports
Education:
Eureka College
Studied Economics and Sociology
Graduated in 1932
Friends:
Barry Goldwater
George Walker Bush
Sandra Day O'Connor
Robert Bork
Sports:
High school
football
basketball
swim
track
Football
During my stint as president, the political, social and economic factors and challenges that I had to deal with (at home) included:
Political
Though the economical gaps between the wealthy, middle and lower class had lessened, during the 1980’s, the upper class began to move higher up leaving the other 2 classes behind.
Reagan promised to balance America’s budget by 1983. The accumulated debt at that time was 1.1 trillion. Except when he left the debt was 2.6 trillion.
The Economy shifted in the mid 1980’s from relying primarily on manufacturing to relying on service jobs such as computer programming, law and medicine.
Social
Cocaine use: In the earlier 1980s, cocaine was expensive and was typically abused by celebrities and the upper class. When the price of it dropped and when “crack,” a highly addictive and smoke form of cocaine, became more available, abuse became more common and drug-related homicides increased dramatically.
Homelessness: Homelessness increased as unemployed Americans lost their homes without any help from society.
Child abuse: Reports of child abuse dramatically increased, which overwhelmed social-service agencies. Leading officials declared the problem “a national emergency"
HIV/AIDS: AIDS is detected in California and New York in 1981 (among the first in the U.S). Experts are more confident that the cause of AIDS is infectious, and by the end of the 1980's, the American government has conducted a national AIDS education campaign
Crime rates: Crime during this decade soared and prison populations reached an all time high. Violent gang warfare increased and several street gangs in large cities became organized like the Mafia to expand territories through the nation.
Economic
Unemployment Rate: From 1980 to 1982, the unemployment rate increased from 5.6 to 10.8 percent. 12 million Americans were out of work and business bankruptcies rose fifty percent in these two years-a time nearly comparable to the Great Depression.
National Debt: Each year the government runs a deficit it adds to the national debt. The nation was in great debt and with the ideas of "Reaganomics", President Reagan tried to lower taxes. In his time as president, national debt increased from $914 billion inherited from Carter, to $2.6 trillion.
Inflation: As seen from the chart below, inflation prior to Reagan's election was significant, leading to economic recession:
Inflation Rates from Reaganomics:
1980
13.5 percent (Carter)
1981
10.4%
1982
6.1%
1983
3.2%
1984
4.3%
1985
3.6%
During my stint as president, the political, social and economic factors and challenges that I had to deal with (abroad) included:
Political (abroad):
Cold War: In the 1980’s, the Soviet Union began to look beyond their borders towards Africa and Central America. At this time, America also began to expand their defense spending, which results in the development of the “star wars” defense network.
El Salvador Civil War: In El Salvador, an insurgency of left-wing revolutionaries began a civil war against the El Salvador government. President Reagan, whose doctrine supported the spread of democracy and capitalism, initiated covert operations to help train the anti-insurgent military of the El Salvador government.
Iraq-Iran War: As a result of the conflict between Iran and Iraq, America began to aid the Iraqis. After the Iranians deployed anti-ship mines in the Persian gulf, oil shipments to western nations were hindered. President Reagan sent the United States Navy to the Persian gulf, which helped the Iraqi war effort
Economic
In 1980 Japanese interests operate 225 U.S. manufacturing firms. Japanese auto companies controlled 20% of the automobile market. Reagan did not focus on this issue that much because the Japanese car companies were not a big threat.
The economy in the '80s went out with a boom because of government spending, mergers, and speculation, the economy was being recovered. Most of the government spending was because of Reagan. This was going on till the '90s.
Social
Illicit Drug Trade: In attempt to stop the cocaine crisis in the U.S., Reagan supported the government of Colombia to put action to this issue by attempting to eliminate illegal imports know as the War on Drugs.
Major civil discontent and violence occurs during the Iran-Iraq War. Reagan is faced with the issue of protecting the nation and returning the hostages.
Faulty relations with communist nations-(i.e.: 1984 Summer Olympic boycott). Reagan worked towards preventing the spread of communism and spreading pro-democracy views.
US-USSR relations-Reagan initiates a buildup of U.S. military power to challenge the Soviet Union and challenges the Iron Curtain by demanding that the Soviet Union take down the Berlin Wall, resulting in increased anti-soviet feeling in the nation.
Looking back at my presidential career, I had to wear several "hats." Wearing these different "hats," these were my most significant achievements and failures:
Commander-in-Chief
As commander in chief of the United States, I was responsible for not only the defense of the United States, but also all of our military endeavours. Most importantly, I was able to increase defense spending on our country, due to our tense relations with the Soviet Union. My plans included the development of the "star wars" space defense network, and an increase in the development of nuclear weapons. Also, the US appreciated me for my spread of democratic ideals. I deployed US forces to central america to fight communist and marxist insurgent groups. Also, I helped Iraq fight Iran over in the Persian gulf, which resulted in Iraq's victory.
Chief Executive
As Chief Executive of the United States of America, I oversaw that the laws were faithfully executed. Also as Chief Executive I appointed officials that I saw fit. Such as George P. Shultz for Secretary of State and William French Smith for Attorney General. While president I made sure that all laws were faithfully followed. On October 15th 1982 I announced a plan that would combat organized crime in the distribution of narcotics. While in office I used the power of federal agencies to influence activities of the U.S. government. In 1981 I directed the CIA to assist "Contra" Guerrilla forces opposed to the Marxist Sandinista government of Nicaragua.
Chief Diplomat
As Chief Diplomat, my main concerns were, stopping the spread of Communism and the Cold War. At the beginning of my presidency, I ended the Grain embargo on the Soviet Union that had been previously implemented by former president Jimmy Carter because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. I also suspended financial aid to the Sandinista government in Nicaragua in 1982 because I thought they were supplying aid to Communist Nations Cuba and the Soviet Union. Instead, The US supported the Contras, the counterrevolutionary force against the Sandinistas. In 1985 I ordered a trade embargo on Nicaragua because the Sandinista regime was a threat to US national security. In 1986, I attempted to lessen the tensions of the Cold War by televising a New Years greeting with Soviet Union General Secretary. That same year I offered him complete nuclear disarmament but the offer fell through and the US violated our treaty with the Soviet Union by deploying a B-52 bomber.
Ceremonial Head of State
As the Ceremonial Head of State, I kept up with the times and social trends. I was unfortunately met with a large population of drug users in America so in 1982 I declared a war on drugs and the next year my wife Nancy started the “Just Say No” campaign. Four years later, I ceremonially relit the torch of the Statue of Liberty to mark the start of a four-day international celebration of its new restorations. That year I also designated the rose as the national floral emblem of the U.S.
Manager of the Economy
As mangaer of the economy, I proposed the biggest single tax reduction in American History, a three year plan that would reduce both the individual and the corporate tax by 30 percent. The plan was accepted with the reduction changed to 25 percent. I believed that cutting taxes would stimulate the economy. About 10 percent of the budget was used to help the poor. Food stamp spending were cut, federal aid to education and federal contributions to state government were reduced. Spending on the government was also dramatically reduced. I proposed a $1.5 trillion five year plan to increase spending on military to rebuild armed forces. Despite the budget cuts, the nation debt rose from $25 billion in 1980 to $111 billion in 1984.
Party Leader
As party leader, I altered the Republican party as I reshaped it into a more conservative party with the belief that reduction of the role of the government in American life will benefit the economy. My election was the first time in twenty-eight years that Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate. Democrats retained control of the House by such a narrow margin that, for a while, there was an effective pro-Reagan majority composed of Republicans and conservative Democrats. After my reelection, Democrats gained a seat in the Senate and maintained only slightly control of the House of Representatives.
National Leader
As national leader, I was responsible to acting as a strong executive power to lead us through all of the hardships within and outside of our borders. I passed a lot of legislation to increase defense spending, due to the strong anti-soviet feelings within the United States. Also, I limited the consolidation of power in the government, and like my republican predecessors, I believe in stronger state governments. To ensure that my people had a strong leader to look up to, I made an effort to travel the country, spreading the good news of the fruits of my economic endeavours. Under my leadership, our country was at a moral high, and we prospered beyond the Soviet Union during the decade of my presidency. My tax-cuts helped to stimulate the economy, and helped to bolster my national image.
Favorite Quote About Me by a Famous Historian:
“He really probably more than any president since FDR transformed the political landscape, and that's not easy to do.” - Richard Norton Smith
“Ronald Reagan not only put a smile on the face of conservatism, his conservatism was not only optimistic, it was futuristic.” - Richard Norton Smith
Ronald Reagan greated transformed politics by reshaping the Republican party through conservatism. His influence and optimism and hope throughout America and still has an impact today.
Favorite Quote Said by Me:
"Above all, we must realize that no arsenal, or no weapon in the arsenals of the world, is so formidable as the will and moral courage of free men and women. It is a weapon our adversaries in today's world do not have." - Ronald Reagan
Here's how I won the election of 1980:
Positive Political Cartoon
This political cartoon focuses one Ronald Reagan as an individual and a person rather than his politics. When he passes away in 2004 many Americans mourned his death. The donkey man symbolizes that the republican party will miss him. Also the elephant man shows that the opposite party, the democrats, will miss him as well. This comic focuses on how great of a person Ronald Reagan was.
Negative Political Cartoon
This cartoon depicts a very popular criticism of Reagan. Though he was interested in helping the economy, he focused on the debt and ignored the slow recession that affected the middle and lower class. Here he is portrayed as some magical being, yet he faults the middle class people for not taking care of themselves. At the time, the economy was shifting and most of the country's wealth was within a very small population. Reagan's administration followed his lead and disregarded the issues that are seen here being thrown into the garbage.
After all this research you should now be able to answer the guiding question. Do not assign this to one person. The whole group needs to participate in a discussion and then write up the answer. Yes, you can do it on-line or in person. It should be several paragraphs and the answer to this question is the most important part of this assignment!
The 1980's were a time of transition for America. The role of the American government, lifestyle of the people, and relations with foreign countries was changing, and the effects were drastic on the nation in itself and on the rest of the world. The culture of this decade and the role of President Reagan shaped post WWII America economically, socially, and politically.
In the 1980’s President Ronald Reagan attempted to reduce budgets, lessen the national debt, and help the American economy grow. Reagan’s policy reflected that the government should have reduced business regulation power, controlling inflation, and spurring economic growth through tax cuts. His belief to allow the economy of the country to be controlled by the businesses and the people defined Reagan as “more democratic” in many eyes at this period. By the end of his second term, the President’s economic policies did not prove to be beneficial for the nation, and the international debt for the United States had drastically increased. At the end Reagan’s second term, the national deficit had gone from $914 billion to 2.6 trillion. Meanwhile, the upper class Americans began moving higher and farther away from the middle and lower class. Reagan believed in the idea of "trickle down economics" in which the wealthy contribute their wealth to businesses and as a result the economy is stimulated. The theory was that lower tax rates would induce people to work harder, and that this would lead to more saving and investment, resulting in more production and stimulating the overall economy. The tax cuts mainly benefited wealthier Americans, and the theory argued that benefits would extend to lower-income people as well because higher investment would lead new job opportunities and higher wages. Due to his economic stance, millionaires were emerging and the wealth in America was not equally spread. The distribution of wealth was decreasing due to his policies. Today, Reagan is often criticized for not correcting this issue, because it is still addressed currently-the distribution of wealth is limited. This policy shaped post WWII America altering the distribution of wealth. Contrastingly, inflation was controlled and taxes reduced which led to greater spending of the American people. Due to the increased amount of American’s leisure money, production of materialistic goods spurred during this decade, and new products from clothes to newspapers erupted in the country-America was shaped industrially from Reagan’s economic policies and contribute to the varietal businesses of American businesses.
Prior to Reagan's election, America's education system was selective and diminishing in quality. School days, years, and hours of instructional time were shortened. In response, Reagan constructed his National Commission on Excellence in Education to indict the education status and launch a reform movement. These proposed new requirements for graduation and new testing requirements for students to assess the curriculum. Additionally, Reagan's board shaped the curriculum by editing course requirements and material, and classes to graduate. Not only did the platform for higher quality of education, but for the universal opportunity of Americas to public schooling. The effect was great, and this action was the start to defining the American public education system as "high-quality" and "equal". The board shaped American education by aiming towards "academic excellence" for the general public rather then the "good education" prior to this time. This social effect due to Reagan's role as president influenced a greater democratic view of the nation by issueing equal opportunity for all, and his involvement in shaping the system of education is still seen today-American secondary schools are ranked among the highest quality in the world.
As a nation changes, so does its relationships with other nations.America is a consummate example of influencing the world in just a decade, and under President Reagan, the world did change. Anti-soviet feelings throughout the United States forced pressure on the government to meet aggression with aggression, thus forcing President Reagan to increase our national defenses. With the space race well underway, America was now keen to use her astronomical superiority to create a defense network, christened “star wars” by President Reagan. This program called for a space defense platform capable of detecting and eliminating ICBM’s, the most feared weapon of both the Soviet Union and the United States. During World War II, America was able to keep the front limited to the far west Pacific Ocean, and Eastern Europe. However, the creation of inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBM’s) changed this. Post-war America was now obligated to provide additional funds to her defense, and this is arguably one of the factors that lead to the United States surviving longer than the Soviet Union, who became the United States greatest adversary, especially during the 1980’s. President Reagan’s galvanization to bolster America’s defense lead to shocking changes in American culture, most notably the advent of nuclear war defense shelters, as well as general disdain for the people of the Soviet Union. President Reagan could not have created greater defenses to be built for the United States’ protection. At the same time, however, he could not have initiated greater animosity between the world’s two greatest powers.
A decade of transitions and alterations in post-war America followed President Reagan’s inauguration in 1981. President Reagan’s decisions, regardless of their popularity, altered our nation’s politics, economy, and society. Reforms of economic policy, military and defense spending, and education plans led to our nation becoming more democratic, and finally helping to lead of to the great “land of opportunity” that had seemed to be a distant goal. Proof of these developments comes from a significant national debt that accumulated following Reagan’s presidency, and this is not necessarily a strike against the Reagan administration, as our economy and military were succeeding well after the 1980’s. These developments led to our nation becoming increasingly democratic, which was our goal. The best way to counter the Soviet Union is by strengthening one’s own nation, and thus these reforms on our nation’s bureaucracy resulted in post war America’s prosperity, which would last for at least another decade.
Works Cited:
"Lifestyles and Social Trends: Important Events of the 1980s." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols.
"1980s: Music." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America . Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit : U*X*L, 2002. 1135-1136. 5 vols.
"1980s: Prosperity and Conservatism." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America . Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit : U*X*L, 2002. 1099-1104. 5 vols.
"1980s: Film and Theater." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America . Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit : U*X*L, 2002. 1119-1120. 5 vols.
"1980s: Food and Drink." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America . Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit : U*X*L, 2002. 1119-1120. 5 vols.
"1980s: Sports and Games." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America . Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit : U*X*L, 2002. 1119-1120. 5 vols.
"1980s: Commerce." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America . Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit : U*X*L, 2002. 1119-1120. 5 vols.
"1980s: The Way We Lived." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America . Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit : U*X*L, 2002. 1119-1120. 5 vols.
"1980s: Film and Theater." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America . Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit : U*X*L, 2002. 1119-1120. 5 vols.
"The 1980s: Lifestyles and Social Trends." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols.
"The 1980s:Fashion." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols.
"The 1980s: Religion." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols.
"The 1980s: Law and Justice." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols.
"The 1980s: Government and Politics." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols.
"1980s: Print Culture." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America . Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit : U*X*L, 2002. 1119-1120. 5 vols.
"The 1980s: World Events: Selected Occurrences Outside the United States." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols.
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