MYP Unit Question: How can the contributions of one person affect the direction of an entire nation?
Guiding Question: How did Culture and the Role of the President Shape Post-WWII America?
The 1990s
William Jefferson Clinton
Lilly Farahani, Nadja Schmitt, Matt Jaboro, Daniel Liu, Eric Wu
The 1990s! :
Business & the Economy
A key aspect to the great success of businesses and people was the internet. The internet allowed people to advertise new businesses and ideas internationally. This allowed many businesses to become more efficient and businesses to bring in more profits. Due to the “technology boom,” many new improvements came about the economy. The economy before the 1990s was suffering from inflation and unemployment. The “technology boom” helped the inflation decrease as well as the unemployment rate. There was a down side to this “technology boom" though. The “technology boom” also opened up many job openings for those who have skills in this section, but the down side to this was many unskilled people were not educated of the technological skills causing them to fall behind everyone else. One of the most benefited groups was the large corporations who benefited off the government greatly. They obtained a lot of “welfare” which was given to by the government to any company that doesn’t get benefits they normally get from anyone else. Overall, the “new economy” was beneficial to most, but it greatly hurt those who were unskilled of these new technological skills. (Tompkins, 87)
Education
During the 1990s the nation noticed that the United States was not doing well education wise compared to the rest of the world. Many tests, like the SAT, were continuing to fall instead of increasing. Another issue the nation was facing was teacher unions were fighting for better pay and rights. This is what led to many Americans wanting to spend more money on education so that the portrayal of American students can improve. Although the spending on education increased there was uproar on the amount paid per student. Children living in poorer areas had less money spent on their education and children living in a more privileged environment would have an increased amount spent on them. A new type of trend frightened many teachers and students which was the violence in school. According to CDC, about thirty two percent of students carried a violent weapon to school. Many parents started taking actions by taking their students out of certain schools depending on the acts of violence taken place there. Since the 1990s was known for the technology boom, use of internet became very popular among the schooling environment. There were two types of views on the stance on whether children should be able to access internet at school or not. One side believed that the use of internet can improve the educational system, but some people believed that the internet opens up children to pornographic websites. During the 1990s educational systems altered greatly compared to prior decades. (Tompkins, 165)
Fashion
In the beginning of the century, trends and fashion drastically changed. The clothing style of the 1990s became cheaper and less complex due to the high demand of buyer's needs. There was also a more casual and comfortable part to the fashion. The new casual trend was also adopted by companies as a way their employees were allowed to dress. The employees at first were only allowed to dress casually or dress "down" on fridays in the summer. This later on changed to employees being allowed to dress casually year round on Fridays. On the other hand, formal clothing never disappeared. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and Audrey Hepburn were looked up to as inspirations for fashion trends.Their fashion was revived. Also, shoulder pads became very popular among women in the work area. Men would also decide to dress up from time to time with leather and suede jackets. Many clothing styles were based off of music as well. (Tompkins, 205)There were two looks that were popular in the 1990s; the hip hop look and the grunge look. The grunge look was popular mostly in the begninning of the decade when the economy was doing poorly. The grunge look was only for a little part of the decade because of the spiraling economy. But, as the economy started to boom, the hip hop look was adopted by many ages and many races. The hip hop look was a way of displaying the new found wealth of the people.People wearing the hip hop look would do this by wearing big diamond and gold chains. ( Pendergast, 110)
Clothing examples of what women would wear to work (dressier) and the revived fashion of earlier decades:
Many people looked at the band, Nirvana, as inspirations for their "grunge" look.
Film & Theatre
In the 1990s, special effects dominated the film world. Spectacular action was created, like in Jurassic Park (1993), one of the most famous movies during this decade. Many filmmakers relied on special effects to give their stories impact, like in Star Wars:Episode I-The Phantom Menace. But not all movies made use of special effects. Horror films revived during the 90s, especially because of movies like Scream (1996), which combined gore with humor. Animated films also experienced a revival in the 90s, like The Lion King (1994), or the computer-generated animation Toy Story (1995), which was made exclusively on computers. There were many other computer-generated animation movies, which all created an assortment of toys, games, video games, and cross-promotions with fast-food restaurants. American theater also continued the boom that began in the 80s. Major productions of the 90s were The Lion King (1997), after the movie, and several others.
Food & Drink
In the 1990s, the food and drinks were similar to those of today. There was tons of McDonald’s all around as there still is today. Coca Cola was a popular drink just like it still is today. As for desserts, Betty Crocker starts a website because if the great business General Mills was doing at the time with her iconic line. In late 1991, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began changing their method of labeling foods so that the labels were more detailed
Print Culture
In the 1990's print culture, for the most part, remained similar to what had been in previous decades, with only a few changes. Much like before, in the 1990's newspapers, magazines, and novels remained popular among American readers. Americans still enjoyed reading in the traditional way, through printed works, however, emerging now in the 1990's, electronic books (e-books) and audio books were growing in popularity. Similar to before, Americans continued to enjoy magazines, newspapers, and best-sellers written by popular writers, which include Stephen King (1947–), Danielle Steel (1947–), Tom Clancy (1947–), and John Grisham (1955–), Michael Crichton (1942–), and J. K. Rowling (1965–). In addition to this, more and more books were converted into movies, possibly the most famous example of this is Jurassic Park, written by Michael Crichton and directed by Stephen Spielberg. Print culture for the most part remained similar to what it had before, Americans still enjoyed much of the traditional forms that had been popular before, with the only differences being in the emergence of e-books, audio books, and movies based on books.
Sports & Games
The 1990's had many great atheletes, the most memorable is Michael Jordan. He was a basketball phenom, leading the Chicago Bulls to six NBA championships. Tiger Woods became golf's most dominating player. Many minorties looked up to him as a role model as some minorties were banned from playing professional sports. ESPN (Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) was created in 1995. Baseball was born. Title IX of the Federal Education Amendments required there to be a sports program at every school. Mainstream sports included baseball, football, and golf. Major athletes are Michael Jordan, Carl Ripken Jr., and Mark McGuire. Churches built gymnasium for members who were self conscious with their health. Many movies were based on sports. The Mighty Ducks illustrated the path of a hockey team to win the finals. Space Jam combined Bugs Bunny and Michael Jordan to create an enjoyable basketball movie. Women also made a big appearance in sports in the 1990's. American gymnasts won gold at the Olympic games of 1996.
Music-
During the 1990s, there were numerous amounts of music groups. There was a vast of amount of different genres. There were many alternative rock music festivals during the span of 1990s. The festivals went across America and they were either called Lollapalooza or Lilith Fair. A famous group that followed the alternative rock festivals and was quite popular was Nirvana, and they toured with the festival. Country music came back with a bang during the 1990s. Leann Rhymes, Faith Hill, Shania Twain, and Garth Brooks were among some of the country singers that rose to the top in the 1990s. They were known for mixing country and pop together. All of these singers are still making music to this day. Boy Bands were a craze during the 1990s. They included Backstreet Boys, *NSYNC, and New Kids on the Block. *NSYNC faded in the early 2000s but Backstreet Boys and New Kids on the Block made comebacks in the recent years. The teen sensation during this decade was Britney Spears. Also, the Spice Girls were very popular amongst young teenage girls.
"They WayWe Lived"
The 90s were a decade of extremes and contradictions and it was the decade of a technological revolution, which reoriented the economy and revolutionized the way people thought and how they lived. The people built bigger and more elaborate houses and they drove more expensive cars, while at the same time they work harder and longer. But it was basically the Internet that changed everything. While PCs have been growing in popularity, the invention of the World Wide Web and the use of e-mail made PCs from work machines into tools for living. Everyone was now able to communicate with friends or business contacts anywhere on earth. Soon the Internet was used for shopping, chatting, falling in love, learning, and wasting time. And the rate of people using the Internet kept on climbing. Because the Internet allowed people to be connected whenever they wanted, many Americans could now work at home which had the effect that the boundaries between work and regular life became blurred. But the Internet had its negative sides too. Strangers were now able to prey on the young or the unwary and so called “hackers” were able to create viruses that could have costly consequences.Even though the Internet wasn’t completely safe, more and more people used it.But the Internet was not the only change during this decade.The use of the media increased a lot. When the former football star O.J. Simpson killed his ex-wife and her friend, every moment of the trial that lasted nine months was captured by TV cameras, and the entire event was turned into a spectacle.Also, later in the decade the Pokémon craze hit. Kids all over the country traded Pokémon cards and watched the Pokémon cartoons.Furthermore, politicians, advertisers and marketers, all were suddenly focused on children.
Government & Politics-
As America changed decades, transitioning from the 1980's to the 1990's, American politics took new and previously unfamiliar marks. Emerging now, were marks such as: scandals and gossip within the White House, and national security, and political reforms. Of these the most notorious mark were by far the scandals and the White House gossip, involving the president at that time, from 1993-2001, William J. Clinton. Better known as the Lewinsky scandal, this scandal caused gossip to spread about Bill Clinton in the White House, attracting the press and creating a chaotic situation, and a new face of politics, never seen before. Civil rights, in addition to this, was also becoming a growing mark, causing debate ad thus changing and affecting United States politics. During this decade, also, recent to the start of this decade, the Cold War, between the United States and the Soviet Union, had just finished, ending Communism in Eastern Europe and Russia. As a result of this, President George H.W. Bush called the "New World Order" into commission; this calling the world to global governance using a united collected effort and proper diplomacy. But in spite of this, the world remained dangerous and unpredictable, resulting in the possible threats on national and global security. To counter the growing dangers in the world, the United States government took action within the military, developing weapons and taking precautions. These acts, however, relied heavily on tax-payer money, while at the same time, much of the United States population did not want to spend their money on taxes due to the Reagan Revolution, in which tax cuts had been made a political necessity, thus providing a growing problem, creating a new mark on the government and politics of the 1990's decade.
Law & Justice
The focus of the government was of the crime rates, the accessibility of guns, juvenile violence, the rights of minorities and women, and corporate liability for unsafe consumer products. There were conflicts over the civil rights of minorities, women, and the terminally ill were debated in state legislatures, Congress, and courtrooms. National crime rates rose, but eventually diminished. The increase of juvenile crime resulted in a search for innovative ways to curb youth crimes. As spending by federal, state, and local governments grew for law enforcement personnel and prisons, the people's fear eventually decreased. A law was passed requiring the employers to make the workplace a safe plce for workers. The Virginia Military Institute were required to admit women.
Religion
The Supreme Court rewrote the laws and rules about how governments could regulate religion amongst its citizens at the beginning of the 1990s. The court system went against a number of Religious Rights activist groups such as the Religious Liberty Protection Act and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Although, the court system did approve of the International Religious Liberty Protection Act “which increased the attention paid to religious oppression around the world and required the president to respond to such actions with diplomatic and economic sanctions” (Tompkins 1). Also, there were a few major events that happened in the 1990s that impacted the entire nation. The Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 and the Columbine High School shooting in 1999 had religious factors tied into them. "Several of these assailants claimed that their actions had been in obedience to the laws of God" (Tompkins 2).
Presidents
In the 1990's, there were only two presidents; being George H.W. Bush (George Bush Sr.) and William J. Clinton (Bill Clinton). George H.W. Bush was in office from January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993, while Bill Clinton was in office from January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001.
I am a Democrat and I support the Democratic Party.
Religious Views:
Protestant
Years Served as President:
1993-2001
Occupations:
Lawyer, Politician, Professor (for a while at the University of Arkansas)
Interests/Hobbies:
Playing the saxophone
I enjoy jogging
I like eating fast food
Education:
1. Georgetown University (Degree in International Affairs)
2. Oxford University in England:
3. Yale University (Legal Studies)
Friends:
George H. W. Bush
Al Gore
Gennifer Flowers
Chelsea Victoria Clinton
Paula Jones
Monica Lewinsky
Sports:
I like to watch football
I enjoy jogging
During my stint as president, the political, social and economic factors and challenges that I had to deal with (at home) included:
Political
During my two elections, I faced challenges, in the running and re-running the position as President. In my first election in 1992, I ran against the Republican front running candidate, George H.W. Bush, and the independent party front running candidate, Ross Perot. In my run for re-election, I ran against the Republican front runner, Bob Dole.
Running for President, by keeping the American Public’s approval of rating of me high, proved challenging in itself, but it became a much greater challenge when after I was impeached, due to the sexual scandals I was accused of.
Social
During Clinton’s presidency, there were many scandals he had to deal with. The first scandal President Clinton had to deal with was with a woman named Gennifer Flowers who allegedly had a twelve year affair with Clinton. Clinton denied these rumors, and went on to doing appearances with his wife. Hilary Clinton’s public display of unhappiness when with her husband stirred up many rumors one whether these rumors were true or not.(Tompkins, 75-76)
The second scandal was right after his second inauguration with a woman named Paula Jones who came out by saying she had been “sexually assaulted” in a hotel at a political function. Clinton, once again, denied these rumors, but Jones set a law suit demanding money for the assault. In 1998, secretly Clinton had agreed to Jones he would give her $850,000, but he still denied the rumors. This is what led to Clinton tried by the Senate in 1998 for his actions toward Monica Lewinsky. He was found not guilty and not impeached. He apologized to the people of the United States for his actions. He continued to be popular among the American people.Many people started wondering if it was the media's rights to put the president's personal life in the media. The American people were starting to question whether or not the media was going too far. (Tompkins,75-76)
When information about the White Water scandal came about, it questioned Clinton’s reliability. The White water scandal was about some shady actions by Bill and Hillary Clinton. The White Water Scandal took place while Clinton was the governor of Arkansas. During the scandal, Hillary and Bill Clinton bought some land with another man. They were hoping to make some profit off the land but ended up losing money. The man they were partnered with, in the past had made many dummy companies and would get money out of federal funds. This lead to many believing the Clintons had done illegal activities as well. There was no proof of any illegal behavior and they were found not guilty. (Berman 239).
Economic
The Internet Boom enhanced the productive capacity of the economy and caused an inflation of prices and wages
The corporate welfare and crime revived money laundering schemes to funnel billions of dollars in illegal funds which hurt the economy
Small Businesses contributed towards the economy through 53 percent of private-sector employees, constituted 47 percent of sales, and accounted for 51 percent of output.
During my stint as president, the political, social and economic factors and challenges that I had to deal with (abroad) included:
Political
Africa was a location for many of the political challenges I faced during my presidency; some of which include the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia (portrayed in the movie Black Hawk Down), the Tutsi Genocide in Rwanda, and the bombing of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania (plotted attacks by Osama Bin laden). In each of these incidences, the American public had swayed opinions, criticizing both the United States' over activity and lack of activity, in both cases, different parts of the American public were unsatisfied with each of the different actions taken to resolve the situations.
The Middle East also was a source of many of the issues that I faced during my presidency; the primary sources in the Middle East being Israel and Iraq. In the Middle East, Israel struggled in violent conflicts with its neighbors, fighting to maintain its territory; and as a result we took a stand in aiding Israel, thus creating the conflicting relationship in the Middle East, which we face today. Conflicts, on the other hand, resulted directly from Iraq, beginning and extending from their role in the Persian Gulf War.
In addition to Africa and the Middle East, some other conflicts occurred in North Korea with their development of nuclear weapons, Mexico with their almost collapsing economy, Haiti and its military coup, and Cuba with their disputes over Guantanamo Bay and as a result the embargo.
Social
Dealt with the social and political struggles with the Middle East
Helped fix up people's Social Security after the economy started doing really well
Economic
I made the United States trade with Mexico and Canada under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which lowered tariffs and helped the economy.
I was the president of a so called “New Economy”, because it was now possible to buy and sell goods over the Internet all over the world, and it allowed workers more freedom. But the Internet didn’t only have advantages for workers. It also allowed people to be more informed about the economic crisis in the Third World, and furthermore Americans were now able to support an orphan of the Third World and see its progress over the years.
Apart from the Third World, the economy all over the world was mostly in a good condition and there weren’t many things to be concerned about. The 90s were a decade that didn’t have to deal with a lot of economic problems.
Looking back at my presidential career, I had to wear several "hats." Wearing these different "hats," these were my most significant achievements and failures:
Commander-in-Chief
As Commander in Chief, Bill Clinton ordered the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia. 18 American soldiers were killed along with many Somalia casualties. In order to stop the ethnic cleansing and genocide of Albanians by Serbian Nationalists, Bill Clinton authorized the use of American troops in the NATO bombing against Yugoslavia.
Chief Executive
As Chief Executive, Bill Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. This required large employers to allow workers to take an unpaid leave for pregnancy or serious medical conditions. Also in 1993, Clinton supported the approval of the North American Free Trade Agreement. In 1996, Clinton issued the Executive Order of Federal Information Technology which made the information of the agency easily reached by the public.
Chief Diplomat
As Chief Diplomat, I managedthe actions of American ambassadors and signing treaties and trade agreements with leaders of foreign nations. Accordingly, some of my most well-known acts were in the peace agreements with Israel in its conflicts with the rest of the Middle East and treaties to cease the production of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and North Korea.
Ceremonial Head of State
As I lead all of conjoined states of America, together, I was known as the “Ceremonial Head-of-State”. With this title I lead the United States of America with balance and accord; while doing this, the work I was most remembered for was most likely my role in balancing the entire United States Government’s budget, as well as my part in balancing the nation’s economy.
Manager of the Economy
President Clinton did a great deal to improve the horrible economy. Before Clinton came into office, the economy was spiraling down as unemployment rates were appalling and the country seemed to be getting more and more into debt. When Clinton came into office, he decided to decrease annual spending and to balance the annual budget (also shown in political cartoon below). Clinton said he believed in a plan of not relying on increasing the government spending. Clinton decided to make the government have less of a role in the economy and the American people have a bigger role in the economy. Clinton’s wise decisions on helping the economy led his years in office to be some of the best years for the United States. He helped create roughly eight million jobs in many industries, including the auto industry.
Party Leader
Because of his emphasis on the economy and the good economy as a whole, Bill Clinton was a successful party leader who worked well with both parties. As a good party leader, he furthermore focused a lot on the finances and the health care reform.
National Leader
Before Clinton stepped down from office in 2000, he wanted to expand gun control and change Social Security for the better. Also he wanted to strengthen the Middle East peace process that had previously not been doing too well.
Favorite Quote About Me by a Famous Historian:
“It seemed unlikely that Clinton could sufficiently recover the political momentum necessary to secure a second term. Yet, he was once again the "Comeback Kid."- Tandy McConnell
“Bill has always been someone who has lived on the edge, politically and personally” -Elizabeth Drew
My Favorite Quotes-
"We are going to build a bridge to the twenty-first century. We just need to run our country the way we want to run our lives." - Bill Clinton
"The era of big government is over" - Bill Clinton
Political Cartoon on the Social Trends of the 1990s
Positive Political Cartoon
Negative Political Cartoon
After all this research you should now be able to answer the guiding question. Do NOT assign this to one person. The whole group needs to participate in a discussion and then write up the answer. Yes, you can do it on-line or in person. It should be several paragraphs and the answer to this question is the most important part of this assignment!!!
MYP Question:
During the 1990s, Clinton’s contribution to the nation allowed the American people to see new improvements to the nation they had not seen in many years. It was his idea of taking away the big government which led the nation to prosper. This idea included Clinton supporting the American people to have a bigger role in the economy instead of the government. His contributions led to the unemployment rates to decrease tremendously and the auto industry to thrive (beating Japan in auto sales for the first time in many years). My decisions of dealing with many of the foreign countries including Israel and Iraq, allowed better foreign affairs when I was in office. I tried to assist in helping many countries communicate with other countries so there may be peace. I brought together the primes minister of Israel and the prime minister of Palestine so they can better communicate with one another. Helping these countries allowed the United States to get into a different direction with their foreign affairs. Our nation was under a different direction when George H.W Bush was in office, but my new ideas and contributions led to the nation to go in a different direction; having the United States to flourish greatly in the coming years of the 1990s.
Guiding Question: How did Culture and the Role of the President Shape Post-WWII America?
Culture and the Role of the President shaped Post-WWII America in many ways. By the late 1990s, the economy was strong. Inflation was the lowest it had ever been in thirty years. The better economy brought with it hundreds of jobs for people in diverse cultures. The economy was doing really well at the time and the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan said that “the U.S. economy is in good shape and that interest rates will not be raised,” (Tompkins 5). Many American citizens were happy with what he had to say about the bettered economy. President Bill Clinton had established many economic policies. Some of his policies were about increasing minimum wage and giving better health care benefits for the working citizens in the United States.
Bill Clinton developing the United State’s economy to become thriving during the 1990s was a great way of shaping Post WWII America. Many of his decisions allowed the United States to see economic successes they hadn’t seen in years. Bill Clinton told America that “the era of the big government is over.” During the 1990s the new “technological” boom led to consumer demand in new products. The “technological boom” increased jobs in industries that required knowledge of computers. During Clinton’s inaugural speech, he sparked optimism and hope into the eye’s and hearts of the American people. American’s had not felt this kind of hope for a long time due to the economic struggles they were facing during the beginning of the decade when George H.W Bush was in office. Another new success the United States was seeing was the success in the auto industry. The amount of cars being sold was more than Japan, which the United States had not seen for a very long time. Other new jobs being created were the many new businesses that were starting in the United States. Due to the decisions Bill Clinton had made, the United States prospered economically during the 1990s. (Berman 60-61)
The culture in America has been the backbone of America. Many people have viewed sports and pop culture as a positive way to pass time. It has been the greatest interest of people to participate in many sports such as basketball, golf, and tennis. The 1990’s has been the most recent post WWII culture. Athletes such as Tiger Woods and Michael Jordan have been able to achieve high peaks in their careers as professionals (Pendergast). Sports have given people of the 1990’s a way to make a living and entertain the public. Music has also played a major role in shaping America. Many pop stars such as teen sensation Britney Spears and the Backstreet Boys were a success. Music and sports have evolved into a common American pastime.
The most important role of Bill Clinton was to defend the country and issue as many rights to minorities as possible. In result of this, a stronger nation was built. Bill Clinton also made clever economic decisions by authorizing the North American Free Trade Agreement. This strengthened the economy and has built up the confidence of Americans. Bill Clinton has been successful in receiving the trust of the citizens and has created a steady ground to stand on. Since the 1990’s is the most recent decade to today, Bill Clinton has shaped America to what we see today, a strong nation and trust in the president.
During President Clinton’s two terms in office, the decisions he made, in terms of politics at home in America and abroad internationally, played a significant role in shaping WWII America, by creating most of the foreign relationships we have today. This was the case, in post WWII America with its relationships with Cuba, North Korea, and the Middle East. In Cuba, Clinton’s issuing of the Helms-Burton Act in March 1996, the “Wet Foot/Dry Foot” policy, and “Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage” involving Panama crafted the foreign policies we have today with Cuba, in terms of our strengthened embargo with Cuba, our immigration policy, and our actions dealing with the Prison/Fort, Guantanamo Bay. In North Korea, Clinton’s assistance in North Korea’s signing of the Nuclear Non-Proliferations Treaty ceased their manufacturing and production of nuclear weapons. This has eased America in thoughts of fear towards North Korea, thus shaping post WWII America and its relationship with North Korea. The largest factor in the sculpting of post WWII America, in terms of Clinton’s foreign policy and politics, were his actions with the Middle East. In the Middle East, Clinton assisted in the communications between Israel and its surrounding countries, as well as the communications between Israel and the Palestinians, helping to create peace between Israel and some of its enemies. In addition to this, in the Middle East, Clinton also participated in post Persian Gulf War incidences with Iraq, stopping Iraq in their attempts to seize Kuwait and their production of weapons of mass destruction. However, while doing this Clinton also set up the first anti-terrorist actions. These incidences, assisted in the shaping of our relations and foreign politics with the Middle East, more specifically, our politics and current actions, in post WWII America, with Israel, Iraq, and terrorism; in addition, Clinton’s policies continue to influence post WWII America’s politics with Cuba and North Korea.
Works Cited:
1. "Overview of Fashion". American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 10: 1990-1999.Detroit: Gale,2001.
2."The 1990s Government, Politics, and Law: Topics in the News." U*X*L American Decades. Eds. Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: U*X*L, 2003.
3. "The 1990s Arts and Entertainment: Chronology." U*X*L American Decades. Eds. Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: U*X*L, 2003.
4. "Bill Clinton." Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Volume 6: World Leaders, 10th ed. Gale Group, 2001.
5."Important Events of the 1990s." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale.
6. "Government and Politics." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale.
7. "Sports." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale.
8. "Law and Justice." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale.
9."The 1990s Lifestyles and Social Trends: Topics in the News." U*X*L American Decades. Eds. Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: U*X*L, 2003.
10. "Religion." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale.
11. "Important Events of the 1990s." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 10 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale.
13. Telnaes, Ann. "Put It On Your Tab." 8 Feb. 1998. Library of Congress. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/telnaes/telnaes-tab.html>.
14. "Bill Clinton." American Decades 1990-1999. Tandy McConnell, ed. Gale Group, 2001.
15.Berman, William C. "Clinton Scandals." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. Vol. 2. 3rd ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003.
16.“Balance.” Library of Congress. 4 February. 1998. <http://http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/presidents.html>.
17."President Clinton's State of the Union Address January 23, 1996." American Decades Primary Sources. Ed. Cynthia Rose. Vol. 10. Detroit: Gale, 2004.
18.“Balance.” 4 February.1998. Library of Congress. 14 June. 2009. <http://loc.gov.cgi.bin/balance/clinton?>.
23."Nirvana". American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 10: 1990-1999.Detroit: Gale,2001.
24. "1990s: Film and Theater." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002.
25. "1990s: The Way We Lived." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 5: 1980s-1990s. Detroit: U*X*L, 2002.
26. "Overview." American Decades. Ed. Vincent Tompkins. Vol. 10: 1990-1999. Detroit: Gale, 2001.
Comments (0)
You don't have permission to comment on this page.